英語講義【38】麻煩的復(fù)數(shù)名詞
最近讀了一則讀者之聲,英文寫得很好,用字也很貼切;但是其中有個小錯誤,就是把復(fù)數(shù)的名詞誤以為單數(shù),結(jié)果動詞也不對應(yīng)了。
現(xiàn)在把這句話錄下:
Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.
英語的bacteria(細菌)是個復(fù)數(shù)名詞,單數(shù)是 bacterium。既然如此,后頭形容詞分句里的動詞應(yīng)該是which are才是。
這個錯誤的根源,就是復(fù)數(shù)名詞bacteria引起的;這類麻煩的復(fù)數(shù)名詞就是本文的主題。
大家知道,英語名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。通常名詞后頭有-s 或-es的是復(fù)數(shù),但是不是所有的名詞都如此。許多外來詞,特別是技術(shù)專有名詞,是多彩多姿的,其復(fù)數(shù)形式并不加-s或 -es。下面便是些常見的例子:
㈠外來詞及其原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:
① agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.
㈡外來詞原有的復(fù)數(shù)或英語復(fù)數(shù),如:
① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.
㈢有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)而沒有單數(shù),如:
① scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.
㈣有些名詞形式是復(fù)數(shù),但是含義是單數(shù),如:
linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.
㈤有些名詞形式是單數(shù),但常當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用,如:
people, police, cattle, vermin
㈥有少數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,既可當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用,又可當(dāng)少數(shù)用,如下列句子所示:
① The quickest means of travel is by plane.
② What Tom has just done is a means to an end.
③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?
④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.
㈦有些名詞,單數(shù)是個意思,復(fù)數(shù)又是個意思,如:
① a. paper(一種原料,即紙)`
b. papers(報紙、文件)
② a. work(工作)
b.works(工廠、作品)
㈧有些名詞,單數(shù)有兩個意思,復(fù)數(shù)只有一個意思,如:
① a. people(人們、種族)
b. peoples(種族)
② a. light(光明、電燈)
b. lights(電燈)
③ a. practice(練習(xí)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)
b. practices(風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)
上述這些名詞,雖然有些麻煩,但是它們數(shù)目不多,只要留意些,就不會有什么問題。
最近讀了一則讀者之聲,英文寫得很好,用字也很貼切;但是其中有個小錯誤,就是把復(fù)數(shù)的名詞誤以為單數(shù),結(jié)果動詞也不對應(yīng)了。
現(xiàn)在把這句話錄下:
Another option is to prevent pneumonia in susceptible individuals by vaccination against the pneumococcal bacteria, which is a common cause of pneumonia.
英語的bacteria(細菌)是個復(fù)數(shù)名詞,單數(shù)是 bacterium。既然如此,后頭形容詞分句里的動詞應(yīng)該是which are才是。
這個錯誤的根源,就是復(fù)數(shù)名詞bacteria引起的;這類麻煩的復(fù)數(shù)名詞就是本文的主題。
大家知道,英語名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)之分。通常名詞后頭有-s 或-es的是復(fù)數(shù),但是不是所有的名詞都如此。許多外來詞,特別是技術(shù)專有名詞,是多彩多姿的,其復(fù)數(shù)形式并不加-s或 -es。下面便是些常見的例子:
㈠外來詞及其原有的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:
① agendum: agenda; ② datum: data; ③ analysis: analyses; ④ criterion: criteria; ⑤ phenomenon: phenomena; ⑥ basis: bases.
㈡外來詞原有的復(fù)數(shù)或英語復(fù)數(shù),如:
① curriculum: curricula/ curriculums; ② formula: formulae/ formulas; ③ index: indices/ indexes; ④ terminus: termini/ terminuses.
㈢有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)而沒有單數(shù),如:
① scissors; ② spectacles; ③ trousers; ④ pants; ⑤ measles; ⑥ mumps; ⑦ annals; ⑧ assets.
㈣有些名詞形式是復(fù)數(shù),但是含義是單數(shù),如:
linguistics, economics, news, the Philippines.
㈤有些名詞形式是單數(shù),但常當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用,如:
people, police, cattle, vermin
㈥有少數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,既可當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)用,又可當(dāng)少數(shù)用,如下列句子所示:
① The quickest means of travel is by plane.
② What Tom has just done is a means to an end.
③ What are the important means of transport in Singapore?
④ There are ways and means of solving a problem.
㈦有些名詞,單數(shù)是個意思,復(fù)數(shù)又是個意思,如:
① a. paper(一種原料,即紙)`
b. papers(報紙、文件)
② a. work(工作)
b.works(工廠、作品)
㈧有些名詞,單數(shù)有兩個意思,復(fù)數(shù)只有一個意思,如:
① a. people(人們、種族)
b. peoples(種族)
② a. light(光明、電燈)
b. lights(電燈)
③ a. practice(練習(xí)、風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)
b. practices(風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣)
上述這些名詞,雖然有些麻煩,但是它們數(shù)目不多,只要留意些,就不會有什么問題。