2010中考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)8動(dòng)詞
2010中考英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)8動(dòng)詞
八、 動(dòng) 詞
? (一) 知識(shí)概要
?動(dòng)詞在語(yǔ)言中是必不可少的一部分。它的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象也較多，但在初中范圍主要有以下幾方面問(wèn)題。① 時(shí)態(tài)：初中范圍主要有一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，一般過(guò)去時(shí)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，過(guò)去完成時(shí)，將來(lái)時(shí)與過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)六種時(shí)態(tài)。② 語(yǔ)態(tài)：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。③ 助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。④ 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，也就是不定式，動(dòng)名詞及現(xiàn)在分詞的用法。?時(shí)態(tài)主要掌握以下幾種時(shí)態(tài)的應(yīng)用要點(diǎn)和習(xí)慣用法。
?1? 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：主要有以下三方面，① 用來(lái)表示狀態(tài)，特征或不受時(shí)間限制的客觀存在和真理。如：Matter exists in three states物質(zhì)有三態(tài)。又如：The earth moves around the sun? ?② 表?示習(xí)慣性和經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：I often go to bed at 9∶３０? ③ 在時(shí)間、條件等狀語(yǔ)從句中表示將來(lái)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如：As soon as I get there I'll telephone you.
?2? 一般過(guò)去時(shí)：① 主要用于表達(dá)過(guò)去時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，如：I was ill last week? ② 過(guò)去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，如：I used to get up at six.
? 3? 一般將來(lái)時(shí)：用于表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，其構(gòu)成方式① 用ｗill (shall)+動(dòng)詞原形來(lái)表達(dá)將來(lái)在某一時(shí)間內(nèi)要發(fā)生，或經(jīng)常、將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，如：School will begin on Sepember 1st? ② 用be going to+動(dòng)詞原形，用來(lái)表示不久將要發(fā)生或打算去作的動(dòng)作。如：?I'm? going to swim this afternoon? ③ be+現(xiàn)在分詞，也就是用某些動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)，如：?I'm? coming。這些動(dòng)詞只限于：go, come, leave, start, move, sail, arrive, reach, get to等動(dòng)詞。④ 在狀語(yǔ)從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)。
?4? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：用于表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，如：What are you doing now?要注意的是表示狀態(tài)，情感的某些詞沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，這些動(dòng)詞有：like, have (有)，love, know, understand, remember, forget, see, hear, smell, taste, feel, wish hope, expect
?5? 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)：用來(lái)表達(dá)從過(guò)去某時(shí)間點(diǎn)上看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，如： He told me he would come to my party?
?6? 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的兩個(gè)用處是：① 用來(lái)表達(dá)在過(guò)去開(kāi)始的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，如：I've studied English for two years? ② 用來(lái)表達(dá)過(guò)去發(fā)生的事但它影響到現(xiàn)在，如：I haven't had my breakfast. so I'm hungry now? 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的區(qū)別在于動(dòng)作的截止時(shí)間，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于現(xiàn)在，而過(guò)去完成時(shí)所表達(dá)的動(dòng)作截止于過(guò)去。如：I haven't seen my old teacher for a long time? 我好久未見(jiàn)到我過(guò)去的老師了。是指到目前截止。如果加上一句話，則將變?yōu)檫^(guò)去完成時(shí)，如：Yesterday I saw my old teacher. I hadn't seen him for a long time. 因?yàn)槲液镁梦匆?jiàn)他這一情況截止于昨天。還要注意的一個(gè)問(wèn)題是截止性動(dòng)詞可以有完成時(shí)，但不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用，如：When I got to school, the class had begun? 如果一定要講開(kāi)始幾分鐘了則要換用表示狀態(tài)，或延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如：When I got to school, the class had been on for five minutes??語(yǔ)態(tài)：英語(yǔ)中只有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)之分。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，句子中的主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：I broke the window? 而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中的主語(yǔ)是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句子中的賓語(yǔ)，如：The window was broken by me? 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主要用于，動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者不明確，或沒(méi)有必要說(shuō)出來(lái)，如：The New building was built last week? 關(guān)鍵要注意的是在主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中有省略不定式符號(hào)to的動(dòng)詞，在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)要還原，如： 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) I saw him come in.?被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) He was seen to come in. ?助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞：助動(dòng)詞本身沒(méi)有詞義，它只不過(guò)與實(shí)義動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，形成了時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、構(gòu)成了疑問(wèn)句，否定句，以及用來(lái)加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞則表達(dá)一種可能、必要、允許、愿望、猜測(cè)的意圖、傾向。也用來(lái)表示語(yǔ)氣的委婉和祝愿。初中階段主要有：can, could, may, might, will, would, must (have to), shall, should。?最后要談?wù)摰氖欠侵^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分為不定式，和動(dòng)詞的ing形式，(即現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞)。雖然在初中范圍，這一項(xiàng)不是語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)，但還是要花一定時(shí)間去學(xué)習(xí)，為的是打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。為進(jìn)一步學(xué)習(xí)提供良好的條件。不定式在句中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。如：To see is to believe.(百聞不如一見(jiàn)) He want to see a film? 還可以作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：He wants me to leave.也可以作狀語(yǔ)，如：I come here to learn English.?動(dòng)名詞也可以起到上述作用，如：Seeing is believing. I like swimming very much. 而現(xiàn)在分詞多用于作定語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)，如： The girl driving a car is her sister.(定語(yǔ)) Did you notice his hand shaking?(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
Hearing the noise, we stopped talking.(狀語(yǔ))
(二) 正誤辨析
? ［誤］ She laid down and soon fell asleep.
? ［正］ She lay down and soon fell asleep.
? ［析］ 考試中常出現(xiàn)的是易混動(dòng)詞lay放，lie躺，lie說(shuō)謊。它們的過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞變化如下：
? lay (放) laid， laid， laying (及物動(dòng)詞)
? lie (躺) lay， lain， lying (不及物動(dòng)詞)
? lie (說(shuō)謊) lied， lied， lying
? ［誤］ Please rise your hand.
? ［正］ Please raise your hand.
? ［析］ rise 是不及物動(dòng)詞，其后不能接賓語(yǔ)，如：The sun rises in the east.而raise是及物動(dòng)詞。
? ［誤］ I like to swim very much, but I don't like swimming this afternoon.
? ［正］ I like swimming very much, but I don't like to swim this afternoon.
? ［析］ like作為喜歡講時(shí)，可以接動(dòng)名詞也可以接不定式，但接動(dòng)名詞時(shí)多表達(dá)一種習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。而接不定式則側(cè)重于表達(dá)一次性、特殊性的動(dòng)作。? 但要注意的是like 與would連用時(shí)則一定要接不定式，如：Would you like to go with me?? 再有一點(diǎn)要注意的是，like作為介詞像講時(shí)，只能用分詞作其賓語(yǔ)。
? ［誤］ Stop! Did you listen to a strange voice?
? ［正］ Stop! Did you hear a strange voice?
? ［析］ hear的側(cè)重點(diǎn)是聽(tīng)到、聽(tīng)見(jiàn)什么，而listen to 的側(cè)重點(diǎn)為聽(tīng)的傾向，如：listen! Do you hear someone calling help?這樣的詞還有l(wèi)ook與see。它們的側(cè)重點(diǎn)也不同，look重于看的傾向，而see重于看見(jiàn)沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。
? ［誤］ Did you watch some film recently?
? ［正］ Did you see some film recently?
? ［析］ 英語(yǔ)中see 與 watch 各有不同的用處，see用于看電影、劇目，而watch用作看電視和看球賽。
? ［誤］ Look. A beautiful lamp hanged from the ceiling.
? ［正］ Look. A beautiful lamp hung from the ceiling.
? ［析］ hang有兩個(gè)含義，① 掛，它的過(guò)去時(shí)與過(guò)去分詞是hung， hung;② 絞刑，這時(shí)它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞則為hanged， hanged。
? ［誤］ How long can I borrow this book?
? ［正］ How long can I keep this book?
? ［析］ 借在英文中有三個(gè)詞，① 借入，即borrow,如：May I borrow some books from the library?② 借出，如：I can lend my bike to you.③ 借多久要用keep, 因?yàn)閎orrow與lend都是截止性動(dòng)詞，而keep是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如 How long can I keep it?
? ［誤］ We have won your class.
? ［正］ We have beaten your class.
? ［析］ win是及物動(dòng)詞，其后面的賓語(yǔ)應(yīng)是比賽、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、獎(jiǎng)品、獎(jiǎng)金。而beat的賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)是人、隊(duì)、班級(jí)等等，如：We won the game.
? ［誤］ I left my key.
? ［正］ I forgot my key.
? ［正］ I left my key at home.
? ［析］ leave是丟下，其后一定要接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，而forget其后不要接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)。
? ［誤］ Oh! It's raining outside. Please bring the rain coat with you.
? ［正］ Oh! It's raining outside. Please take this rain coat with you.
? ［析］ bring為帶來(lái)如：Next time bring your little sister here.而take為帶走，fetch為去某處取什么回來(lái)，如：Please fetch some coffee for us?? 要熟記的是在初中課文中與take有關(guān)的詞組，如：? take away 拿走 take back 收回 take down 取下?take off 脫下 takeout 拿出 take place 發(fā)生? take hold of 拿住 take part in 參加 take a seat 坐下?take one's place 替代 take a look 看看 take one's turn 輪流? take a message 捎信 take care of 照看 take it easy 別著急?take one's time 慢慢來(lái) take one's temperature 測(cè)量體溫
? ［誤］ The policeman reached his gun.
? ［正］ The policeman reached for his gun.
? ［析］ reach作到達(dá)講時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，如：I reached the hotel at 8∶30?但作伸手去拿，則要用reach for something。作為到達(dá)講時(shí)還有arrive (in+大地方)(at＋較小的地方)和get to.要注意的是與get有關(guān)的詞組有：? get back 回來(lái) get in 收割 get into 進(jìn)入 get off 下車(chē)? get on 上車(chē) get out 出去 get up 起床 get to 到達(dá)? get ready for=be ready for ? get on well with 與人相處融洽? get 加比較級(jí)為變得如何，例如：? get colder and colder.
? ［誤］ This dictionary spent me five dollars.
? ［正］ This dictionary cost me five dollars.
? ［析］ 英文中的花費(fèi)有4個(gè)spend, cost, take 和 pay,其中spend 與pay所在句中的主語(yǔ)應(yīng)為人，如：I spent two hours in doing my homework. I paid five dallars for the book.而cost與take的主語(yǔ)則是事物，如：It takes me two years to finish this book.
? ［誤］ In summer I always sleep with the windows opened.
? ［正］ In summer I always sleep with the windows open.
? ［正］ I always sleep with the windows closed.
? ［析］ 要注意open是動(dòng)詞也是形容詞，而close則要用其過(guò)去分詞作形容詞。?
［誤］ Please wait a minute. I'm having on my clothes.
? ［正］ Please wait a minute. I'm putting on my clothes.
? ［析］ 英語(yǔ)中的穿衣服要分狀態(tài)，是什么樣的穿著打扮，還是穿衣服的動(dòng)作兩類(lèi)動(dòng)詞。表示穿著狀態(tài)的詞有have on, wear,在用法上have on不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，它多用一般時(shí)態(tài)，如：She has on a new school dress. 而wear則多用進(jìn)行時(shí)來(lái)表示狀態(tài)，如：She is wearing a new sweater.在表示動(dòng)作的詞中put on是常用的一詞。dress用作動(dòng)詞當(dāng)穿衣講時(shí)其后賓語(yǔ)不應(yīng)接衣物，而要接人，如：My children were very young they couldn't dress themselves.在表示穿著狀態(tài)時(shí)用其過(guò)去分詞當(dāng)形容詞，如：He is dressed in white.
? ［誤］ My computer can't begin. Could you find someone to help me?
? ［正］ My computer can't start. Could you find someone to help me?
? ［析］ begin與start均可指開(kāi)始，而且常常可以互換，如：School begins (starts) at 8 a. m. 但是在兩種情況下不宜用begin 而要用start, ① 當(dāng)作機(jī)器開(kāi)動(dòng)、發(fā)動(dòng)講，如：My car can't start. There must be something wrong with it.② 作為旅途開(kāi)始講，如：We should have to start early. There was a lot of traffic on the road.
? ［誤］ I'm very glad because I have founded my lost key.
? ［正］ I'm very glad because I have found my lost key.
? ［析］ find是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，它的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞是found, found，而found又是另外一詞建立，它是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，其過(guò)去式與過(guò)去分詞是founded founded, 如：The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.
? ［誤］ Please. Let's speak in English.
? ［正］ Please. Let's speak English.
? ［正］ Please. Let's talk in English.
? ［誤］ Can you speak it English?
? ［正］ Can you say it in English?
? ［析］ 英文中說(shuō)有4個(gè)常用詞say, tell, speak, talk.其中不及物動(dòng)詞有speak和talk，如：I want to talk with you.We are talking about the new film.而speak其后接語(yǔ)言時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，其他情況是不及物動(dòng)詞。say 與tell是及物動(dòng)詞，其中tell常用雙賓語(yǔ)，如：Tell us a story.但用于講實(shí)話或謊話時(shí)也用單賓語(yǔ)。如： Tell the truth.
? ［誤］ Can you say Japanese from Chinese?
? ［正］ Can you tell Japanese from Chinese?
? ［析］ tellfrom為固定詞組，即分辨兩者的不同。
? ［誤］ Excuse me, did I step on your foot?
? ［正］ Oh, sorry, did I step on your foot?
? ［析］ excuse me用于未打擾對(duì)方前，以提醒對(duì)方注意的用語(yǔ)，而sorry則是由于自己已做的事向?qū)Ψ降狼浮?/p>
? ［誤］ Would you care for to swim with us?
? ［正］ Would you care to swim with us?
? ［析］ care for 后接不定式時(shí)，要省略for,或換用名詞，如：Would you care for a cup of tea. care for 作照顧講時(shí)與look after相同。在初中階段學(xué)習(xí)與for有關(guān)的詞組有：
? ask for 請(qǐng)求 call for 接人，請(qǐng)人 care for 關(guān)心?
go in for 從事 answer for 負(fù)責(zé) look for 尋找
?wait for 等待 send for 請(qǐng)人 pay for 付款?
search for 尋找 leave for 去某地 prepare for 準(zhǔn)備?
thank somebody for something 為某事向某人道謝。
? ［誤］ Are you understanding it? Yes, I got to it.
? ［正］ Do you understand it? Yes, I got it.
? ［析］ understand這一詞沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，如同感觀動(dòng)詞love、hate I got it 是美語(yǔ)，即I understood it。要記住get 作為到達(dá)講時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，如：I'll get to the school at 8 a. m.? 初中范圍常用與to有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞詞組如下：? belong to 屬于 come to 蘇醒 point to (at) 指著?get to 到達(dá) refer to 談到 stick to 堅(jiān)持?lead to 導(dǎo)致 turn to 翻到 look forward to 期望?agree to 同意
? ［誤］ The meat has gone badly.
? ［正］ The meat has gone bad.
? ［析］ 英語(yǔ)中g(shù)o, get, become, turn作為轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)，其后接形容詞，這時(shí)這些動(dòng)詞應(yīng)被看作系動(dòng)詞。
? ［誤］ The teacher said the earth moved around the sun.
? ［正］ The teacher said the earth moves around the sun.
? ［析］ 如果主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其賓語(yǔ)從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)。如果是過(guò)去時(shí)，則賓語(yǔ)從句中的時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)與之呼應(yīng)。但地球圍繞太陽(yáng)轉(zhuǎn)是不隨時(shí)間而變化的客觀事實(shí)，所以還應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)來(lái)表達(dá)。
? ［誤］ I'll come to see you as soon as I'll be back.
? ［正］ I'll come to see you as soon as I am back.
? ［析］ 在狀語(yǔ)從句中要用一般時(shí)來(lái)表示將來(lái)，如：I should tell him when he came back.
? ［誤］ I want to know whether you come to my party tomorrow or not.
? ［正］ I want to know whether you will come to my party tomorrow or not.
? ［析］ 在賓語(yǔ)從句中則要用將來(lái)時(shí)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。要注意的是如果賓語(yǔ)從句中仍有狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，依然要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)，如：I want to know if it rains tomorrow you'll come here or not.
? ［誤］ What did you do at eight last night?
? ［正］ What were you doing at eight last night?
? ［析］ 在描述過(guò)去某一具體時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作或從某時(shí)到某時(shí)一段時(shí)間內(nèi)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，如：I was washing clothes from eight till noon last Sunday?
? ［誤］ My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didn't go with them, because I have seen it before.
? ［正］ My classmates came to see a film yesterday. I didn't go with them because I had seen it before.
? ［析］ 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與過(guò)去完成時(shí)的相同之處是其動(dòng)作均開(kāi)始于過(guò)去的某一點(diǎn)，它的差別在于該動(dòng)作是截止到什么時(shí)候。如動(dòng)作截止到現(xiàn)在用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如動(dòng)作截止到過(guò)去，用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：I've learnt English for three years.(到現(xiàn)在為止)又如：Before I went to college, I had learnt English for three years. (動(dòng)作截止到上大學(xué)那時(shí)，即截止于過(guò)去)
? ［誤］ I'm feeling well now.
? ［正］ I feel well now.
? ［析］ 瞬間動(dòng)詞有些無(wú)進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，它們是：?表示思維狀態(tài)的詞：believe, feel, forget, imagine, know, mean, need, prefer, remember, understand, want? 表示感情的動(dòng)詞：care, like, do like, love, mind, hate, fear? 表示狀態(tài)的詞：belong, own? 感觀動(dòng)詞： feel, hear, see， smell, taste
? ［誤］ When have you done this work?
? ［正］ When did you do this work?
? ［析］ when提問(wèn)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)不可用于完成時(shí)態(tài)的問(wèn)句中。
? ［誤］ This is our new English teacher. He has gone to many foreign countries.
? ［正］ This is our new English teacher. He has been to many foreign countries.
? ［析］ have gone to 是到某地去了，此人現(xiàn)在不在這里。have been to 是到過(guò)某地，現(xiàn)在此人在說(shuō)話現(xiàn)場(chǎng)。
? ［誤］ I have borrowed this book for two weeks.
? ［正］ I have kept this book for two weeks.
? ［析］ 截止性動(dòng)詞有完成時(shí)態(tài)，但不可和與表達(dá)一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：When I got to the cinema the film had begun.? 但要講When I got to the cinema the film had be on for five minutes 這樣的用法還有buy, join, die, 如：I bought this book yesterday.我昨天買(mǎi)的這本書(shū)。? I have had this book for two days. 這本書(shū)我已買(mǎi)了兩天了。
? I joined the club two years ago.兩年前我加入了這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部。
? I have been in this club for two years. 我加入這個(gè)俱樂(lè)部已兩年了。
? My father died five years ago. 我父親是5年前去世的。
? My father has been dead for five years. 我父親已去世5年了。
? ［誤］ Have you understood the lessons?
