2．含蓄條件句 有時(shí)句子表示的虛擬條件并不一定要用if從句來(lái)表示，而是通過(guò)連詞or、otherwise、介詞短語(yǔ)或通過(guò)上下文和句子的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)暗示。 We took a taxi to the airport.Otherwise we would have been late. 我們打的去的機(jī)場(chǎng)，否則的話我們就可能晚了。 Without music，the world would be a dull place. 沒(méi)有音樂(lè)的話，世界將會(huì)變得很無(wú)聊。

　　3．if it be not for …

　　也是一種條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句 If it had not been for the help of our teacher，we should not have made so much progress.要是沒(méi)有老師的幫助，我們就不會(huì)取得那么多的進(jìn)步。 If it had not been for me，you would not be free. 要不是我的話，你就得不到自由了。

　　4．在有些復(fù)合句中，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上并不一致，這類句子稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句(混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣) If you had studied hard before，you would be a college student now. 如果你以前學(xué)習(xí)努力的話，你現(xiàn)在就是一名大學(xué)生了。 If I were you，I wouldn’t have missed the movie last night.如果我是你的話，我不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)昨天晚上的電影。 Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball；otherwise，he ________________(score) a goal. 【答案】would have scored 2．But for the Party，he ________________(die) of hunger 15 years ago. 【答案】would have died

　　3．I ________________(go) to visit him in the hospital，but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 【答案】would have gone 4．If I knew her telephone number，I ________________ (give)her a ring now. 【答案】would give

　　Ⅱ.用虛擬語(yǔ)氣改寫(xiě)下列句子 1．We want to buy a computer，but we don’t have enough money. 【答案】If we had enough money，we would buy a computer.

　　2．John hurt his leg.John didn’t win the race. 【答案】If John hadn’t hurt his leg，he would have won the race. 3．With my brother’s help，I finished my job.(用but for改寫(xiě)) 【答案】But for my brother’s help，I wouldn’t have finished my job. 讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)(二) 記敘文的概括 一、新課程對(duì)概括部分的要求 新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是問(wèn)題，信息，表達(dá)。文章閱讀是輸入信息，寫(xiě)作的題目是我們要解決的問(wèn)題，表達(dá)就是我們寫(xiě)出來(lái)文章。

　　所謂“概括要點(diǎn)”，是在閱讀、理解文章內(nèi)容之后，經(jīng)過(guò)提煉概括，用簡(jiǎn)明扼要的語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確轉(zhuǎn)述文章內(nèi)容的一種形式。其方法主要有如下幾種： 提取法　即提取文中的中心句、主旨句、結(jié)論句，將其摘取出來(lái)，作為概括性文字。這種方法即適用于那些要求用原文語(yǔ)句答題的題目，又適用于要求對(duì)內(nèi)容、主旨進(jìn)行概括的題目。

　　組合法　即組合文中關(guān)鍵性語(yǔ)句或關(guān)鍵性的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)進(jìn)行概括。這種方法適用于內(nèi)容基本清晰，重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)句比較突出而全文的中心句、關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句等不太突出的文章或文段。 自寫(xiě)法　即基本上用自己的語(yǔ)言或完全用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行概括。適用于那些提煉文章中心、概括文章風(fēng)格、概括作用觀點(diǎn)、簡(jiǎn)述故事情節(jié)、給文章加上標(biāo)題等方面的概括性題目。 二、概括部分的寫(xiě)作要求和步驟 我們知道，概括包括2個(gè)部分，主題句和支撐句，前者統(tǒng)攝后者。主題句是關(guān)鍵。 1．概括的形式是“主題句＋支撐句”。 文體 主題句 支撐句 議論文 文章論點(diǎn)(一句) 文章論據(jù)(兩三句) 記敘文 故事的寫(xiě)作目的主題(一句) 故事大意(兩三句) 說(shuō)明文 說(shuō)明的對(duì)象/觀點(diǎn)/現(xiàn)象 解釋/分述

　　2.概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：拋棄次要，瞄準(zhǔn)寫(xiě)作目的。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概括采用浮凸式的表達(dá)方式，第一句是主題句清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫(xiě)作目的，這句的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題句之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。

　　概括部分對(duì)于輸入材料的加工要求高。概要寫(xiě)作包含多個(gè)分任務(wù)(閱讀理解、信息篩選、句子表達(dá)等等)，包含幾種能力。第一要分析文章，尋找作者的原來(lái)意義。第二要篩選信息，學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)，重要和次要，普遍與特殊，相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有英文解釋英文的能力(paraphrase)，用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言來(lái)解釋比較復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，不能抄襲原文。 總而言之，好的概括具有這么一些特點(diǎn)：主題句統(tǒng)攝，邏輯性強(qiáng)，信息濃度高，意義抽象程度高，等等。讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)的閱讀材料有多種文體，包括記敘文，說(shuō)明文與議論文。 三、記敘文概括的寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo) 【例1】　閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。 【閱讀材料】 The Best Gift Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married.Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building.They were now digesting the hardship of life.The only joy was their sweet love for each other.

　　The handsome husband had to burden with a family though he was young.The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved. Christmas was coming.They were thinking of a good gift for each other.Della wore a waterfall of black hair，but her comb was broken.Jim had a gold watch with and old chain，which was passed from his old grandfathers.

　　The big day finally came.On arriving home，Jim was surprised to find Della’s long hair cut short.But Della was also surprised to find Jim’s gold watch gone.She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him！He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless.But it fact they got the best gifts.

　　我們首先分析一下學(xué)生的樣本，看看存在什么問(wèn)題，如何改進(jìn)。 學(xué)生樣本1 This passage tells us a story about a couple.They sold the most value thing for themselves to buy gifts for each other.Even though the gifts were became useless，they had received the best gifts indeed. 學(xué)生樣本2 This story tells us that a husband Jim and wife Della love each other.On Christmas，they send best gifts to eachother，but each loses a dear thing.The gifts are useless. 兩個(gè)樣本都表達(dá)了一些關(guān)鍵的詞語(yǔ)(Della，Jim，love，gift等等)，但是從“主題句統(tǒng)攝支撐句”的要求來(lái)看，與記敘文的文體目的配合不夠完美。記敘文要講求故事的“教化”意義，它的背后隱藏著“這個(gè)故事教育我們什么”的目的，即是“故事情節(jié)＋主題”的深層結(jié)構(gòu)。 我們寫(xiě)概括的時(shí)候，主題句最好寫(xiě)“主題”以瞄準(zhǔn)故事的深層寫(xiě)作目的，然后支撐句寫(xiě)故事的大意。樣本1的主題句沒(méi)有樣2好。樣本1比較空洞，讀者看不出故事的主題；樣本2沒(méi)有點(diǎn)明禮物，說(shuō)到了兩個(gè)人之間的“l(fā)ove”。但是樣本1后面的支撐句“Even though the gifts were(became)useless，they(had)received the best gift(s) indeed”說(shuō)明了故事的情節(jié)和目的，又比樣本2好。因此，兩個(gè)樣本差不多，可以評(píng)3～4分(5分滿分) 四、寫(xiě)作練筆 完成對(duì)例題1　The Best Gift的概括 主題句——瞄準(zhǔn)故事的“主題” 支撐句——寫(xiě)故事的大意，支撐主題句，補(bǔ)充主題句沒(méi)有說(shuō)完的 【答案】 主題句——瞄準(zhǔn)故事的“主題” The text is about a gift of love between Jim and Della. 支撐句——寫(xiě)故事的大意，支撐主題句，補(bǔ)充主題句沒(méi)有說(shuō)完的 Both of them sold what they liked best to buy a gift for the other.The gifts were in fact the true love to each other. Period 3　Grammar 一、品味語(yǔ)法 1．Had I not seen it with my own eyes，I would not have believed it. 要不是親眼所見(jiàn)，我是不會(huì)相信的。 2．If you’d listened to me，you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. 如果你聽(tīng)了我的話，你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)有這樣的麻煩了。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Ⅱ)

　　3．Without your help，we could not have succeeded.如果沒(méi)有你們的幫助，我們就不會(huì)成功。 4．He felt very tired yesterday，or he would have attended the party. 他昨天感覺(jué)很累，要不然他就參加晚會(huì)了。

　　二、講解歸納 1．if的省略 如果條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有were，had，should，可省略連詞if，把were，had，should放在主語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成倒裝。如果條件從句是否定式，倒裝時(shí)只能把not放在主語(yǔ)之后，不能用縮寫(xiě)式或把not放在主語(yǔ)之前。

　　Were I you(＝If I were you)，I would do more practice after class. 如果我是你的話，我會(huì)在課下多做練習(xí)。 Had you arrived(＝If you had arrived)at the station ten minutes earlier，you could have caught the train. 如果你早到車站十分鐘的話，你就可以趕上火車了。 Should he come(＝If he should come)，tell him to ring me up.如果他來(lái)的話，告訴他給我打個(gè)電話。

　　2．含蓄條件句 有時(shí)句子表示的虛擬條件并不一定要用if從句來(lái)表示，而是通過(guò)連詞or、otherwise、介詞短語(yǔ)或通過(guò)上下文和句子的內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)暗示。 We took a taxi to the airport.Otherwise we would have been late. 我們打的去的機(jī)場(chǎng)，否則的話我們就可能晚了。 Without music，the world would be a dull place. 沒(méi)有音樂(lè)的話，世界將會(huì)變得很無(wú)聊。

　　3．if it be not for …

　　也是一種條件虛擬語(yǔ)氣從句 If it had not been for the help of our teacher，we should not have made so much progress.要是沒(méi)有老師的幫助，我們就不會(huì)取得那么多的進(jìn)步。 If it had not been for me，you would not be free. 要不是我的話，你就得不到自由了。

　　4．在有些復(fù)合句中，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上并不一致，這類句子稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句(混合式虛擬語(yǔ)氣) If you had studied hard before，you would be a college student now. 如果你以前學(xué)習(xí)努力的話，你現(xiàn)在就是一名大學(xué)生了。 If I were you，I wouldn’t have missed the movie last night.如果我是你的話，我不會(huì)錯(cuò)過(guò)昨天晚上的電影。 Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空 1．He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball；otherwise，he ________________(score) a goal. 【答案】would have scored 2．But for the Party，he ________________(die) of hunger 15 years ago. 【答案】would have died

　　3．I ________________(go) to visit him in the hospital，but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 【答案】would have gone 4．If I knew her telephone number，I ________________ (give)her a ring now. 【答案】would give

　　Ⅱ.用虛擬語(yǔ)氣改寫(xiě)下列句子 1．We want to buy a computer，but we don’t have enough money. 【答案】If we had enough money，we would buy a computer.

　　2．John hurt his leg.John didn’t win the race. 【答案】If John hadn’t hurt his leg，he would have won the race. 3．With my brother’s help，I finished my job.(用but for改寫(xiě)) 【答案】But for my brother’s help，I wouldn’t have finished my job. 讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)(二) 記敘文的概括 一、新課程對(duì)概括部分的要求 新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的三個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞是問(wèn)題，信息，表達(dá)。文章閱讀是輸入信息，寫(xiě)作的題目是我們要解決的問(wèn)題，表達(dá)就是我們寫(xiě)出來(lái)文章。

　　所謂“概括要點(diǎn)”，是在閱讀、理解文章內(nèi)容之后，經(jīng)過(guò)提煉概括，用簡(jiǎn)明扼要的語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確轉(zhuǎn)述文章內(nèi)容的一種形式。其方法主要有如下幾種： 提取法　即提取文中的中心句、主旨句、結(jié)論句，將其摘取出來(lái)，作為概括性文字。這種方法即適用于那些要求用原文語(yǔ)句答題的題目，又適用于要求對(duì)內(nèi)容、主旨進(jìn)行概括的題目。

　　組合法　即組合文中關(guān)鍵性語(yǔ)句或關(guān)鍵性的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)進(jìn)行概括。這種方法適用于內(nèi)容基本清晰，重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)句比較突出而全文的中心句、關(guān)鍵語(yǔ)句等不太突出的文章或文段。 自寫(xiě)法　即基本上用自己的語(yǔ)言或完全用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行概括。適用于那些提煉文章中心、概括文章風(fēng)格、概括作用觀點(diǎn)、簡(jiǎn)述故事情節(jié)、給文章加上標(biāo)題等方面的概括性題目。 二、概括部分的寫(xiě)作要求和步驟 我們知道，概括包括2個(gè)部分，主題句和支撐句，前者統(tǒng)攝后者。主題句是關(guān)鍵。 1．概括的形式是“主題句＋支撐句”。 文體 主題句 支撐句 議論文 文章論點(diǎn)(一句) 文章論據(jù)(兩三句) 記敘文 故事的寫(xiě)作目的主題(一句) 故事大意(兩三句) 說(shuō)明文 說(shuō)明的對(duì)象/觀點(diǎn)/現(xiàn)象 解釋/分述

　　2.概括的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：拋棄次要，瞄準(zhǔn)寫(xiě)作目的。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的概括采用浮凸式的表達(dá)方式，第一句是主題句清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫(xiě)作目的，這句的質(zhì)量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題句之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。

　　概括部分對(duì)于輸入材料的加工要求高。概要寫(xiě)作包含多個(gè)分任務(wù)(閱讀理解、信息篩選、句子表達(dá)等等)，包含幾種能力。第一要分析文章，尋找作者的原來(lái)意義。第二要篩選信息，學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn)，重要和次要，普遍與特殊，相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等復(fù)雜的邏輯關(guān)系。第三要有英文解釋英文的能力(paraphrase)，用自己簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)言來(lái)解釋比較復(fù)雜語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，不能抄襲原文。 總而言之，好的概括具有這么一些特點(diǎn)：主題句統(tǒng)攝，邏輯性強(qiáng)，信息濃度高，意義抽象程度高，等等。讀寫(xiě)任務(wù)的閱讀材料有多種文體，包括記敘文，說(shuō)明文與議論文。 三、記敘文概括的寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo) 【例1】　閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫(xiě)一篇150詞左右的英語(yǔ)短文。 【閱讀材料】 The Best Gift Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married.Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building.They were now digesting the hardship of life.The only joy was their sweet love for each other.

　　The handsome husband had to burden with a family though he was young.The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved. Christmas was coming.They were thinking of a good gift for each other.Della wore a waterfall of black hair，but her comb was broken.Jim had a gold watch with and old chain，which was passed from his old grandfathers.

　　The big day finally came.On arriving home，Jim was surprised to find Della’s long hair cut short.But Della was also surprised to find Jim’s gold watch gone.She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him！He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless.But it fact they got the best gifts.

　　我們首先分析一下學(xué)生的樣本，看看存在什么問(wèn)題，如何改進(jìn)。 學(xué)生樣本1 This passage tells us a story about a couple.They sold the most value thing for themselves to buy gifts for each other.Even though the gifts were became useless，they had received the best gifts indeed. 學(xué)生樣本2 This story tells us that a husband Jim and wife Della love each other.On Christmas，they send best gifts to eachother，but each loses a dear thing.The gifts are useless. 兩個(gè)樣本都表達(dá)了一些關(guān)鍵的詞語(yǔ)(Della，Jim，love，gift等等)，但是從“主題句統(tǒng)攝支撐句”的要求來(lái)看，與記敘文的文體目的配合不夠完美。記敘文要講求故事的“教化”意義，它的背后隱藏著“這個(gè)故事教育我們什么”的目的，即是“故事情節(jié)＋主題”的深層結(jié)構(gòu)。 我們寫(xiě)概括的時(shí)候，主題句最好寫(xiě)“主題”以瞄準(zhǔn)故事的深層寫(xiě)作目的，然后支撐句寫(xiě)故事的大意。樣本1的主題句沒(méi)有樣2好。樣本1比較空洞，讀者看不出故事的主題；樣本2沒(méi)有點(diǎn)明禮物，說(shuō)到了兩個(gè)人之間的“l(fā)ove”。但是樣本1后面的支撐句“Even though the gifts were(became)useless，they(had)received the best gift(s) indeed”說(shuō)明了故事的情節(jié)和目的，又比樣本2好。因此，兩個(gè)樣本差不多，可以評(píng)3～4分(5分滿分) 四、寫(xiě)作練筆 完成對(duì)例題1　The Best Gift的概括 主題句——瞄準(zhǔn)故事的“主題” 支撐句——寫(xiě)故事的大意，支撐主題句，補(bǔ)充主題句沒(méi)有說(shuō)完的 【答案】 主題句——瞄準(zhǔn)故事的“主題” The text is about a gift of love between Jim and Della. 支撐句——寫(xiě)故事的大意，支撐主題句，補(bǔ)充主題句沒(méi)有說(shuō)完的 Both of them sold what they liked best to buy a gift for the other.The gifts were in fact the true love to each other. Period 3　Grammar 一、品味語(yǔ)法 1．Had I not seen it with my own eyes，I would not have believed it. 要不是親眼所見(jiàn)，我是不會(huì)相信的。 2．If you’d listened to me，you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. 如果你聽(tīng)了我的話，你現(xiàn)在就不會(huì)有這樣的麻煩了。 虛擬語(yǔ)氣(Ⅱ)

　　3．Without your help，we could not have succeeded.如果沒(méi)有你們的幫助，我們就不會(huì)成功。 4．He felt very tired yesterday，or he would have attended the party. 他昨天感覺(jué)很累，要不然他就參加晚會(huì)了。

　　二、講解歸納 1．if的省略 如果條件從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中含有were，had，should，可省略連詞if，把were，had，should放在主語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成倒裝。如果條件從句是否定式，倒裝時(shí)只能把not放在主語(yǔ)之后，不能用縮寫(xiě)式或把not放在主語(yǔ)之前。

　　Were I you(＝If I were you)，I would do more practice after class. 如果我是你的話，我會(huì)在課下多做練習(xí)。 Had you arrived(＝If you had arrived)at the station ten minutes earlier，you could have caught the train. 如果你早到車站十分鐘的話，你就可以趕上火車了。 Should he come(＝If he should come)，tell him to ring me up.如果他來(lái)的話，告訴他給我打個(gè)電話。