2．含蓄條件句 有時句子表示的虛擬條件并不一定要用if從句來表示，而是通過連詞or、otherwise、介詞短語或通過上下文和句子的內在邏輯關系來暗示。 We took a taxi to the airport.Otherwise we would have been late. 我們打的去的機場，否則的話我們就可能晚了。 Without music，the world would be a dull place. 沒有音樂的話，世界將會變得很無聊。

　　3．if it be not for …

　　也是一種條件虛擬語氣從句 If it had not been for the help of our teacher，we should not have made so much progress.要是沒有老師的幫助，我們就不會取得那么多的進步。 If it had not been for me，you would not be free. 要不是我的話，你就得不到自由了。

　　4．在有些復合句中，主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞表示的動作在時間上并不一致，這類句子稱為錯綜時間條件句(混合式虛擬語氣) If you had studied hard before，you would be a college student now. 如果你以前學習努力的話，你現在就是一名大學生了。 If I were you，I wouldn’t have missed the movie last night.如果我是你的話，我不會錯過昨天晚上的電影。 Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當形式填空 1．He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball；otherwise，he ________________(score) a goal. 【答案】would have scored 2．But for the Party，he ________________(die) of hunger 15 years ago. 【答案】would have died

　　3．I ________________(go) to visit him in the hospital，but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 【答案】would have gone 4．If I knew her telephone number，I ________________ (give)her a ring now. 【答案】would give

　　Ⅱ.用虛擬語氣改寫下列句子 1．We want to buy a computer，but we don’t have enough money. 【答案】If we had enough money，we would buy a computer.

　　2．John hurt his leg.John didn’t win the race. 【答案】If John hadn’t hurt his leg，he would have won the race. 3．With my brother’s help，I finished my job.(用but for改寫) 【答案】But for my brother’s help，I wouldn’t have finished my job. 讀寫任務(二) 記敘文的概括 一、新課程對概括部分的要求 新課程標準的三個關鍵詞是問題，信息，表達。文章閱讀是輸入信息，寫作的題目是我們要解決的問題，表達就是我們寫出來文章。

　　所謂“概括要點”，是在閱讀、理解文章內容之后，經過提煉概括，用簡明扼要的語言準確轉述文章內容的一種形式。其方法主要有如下幾種： 提取法　即提取文中的中心句、主旨句、結論句，將其摘取出來，作為概括性文字。這種方法即適用于那些要求用原文語句答題的題目，又適用于要求對內容、主旨進行概括的題目。

　　組合法　即組合文中關鍵性語句或關鍵性的詞語來進行概括。這種方法適用于內容基本清晰，重點語句比較突出而全文的中心句、關鍵語句等不太突出的文章或文段。 自寫法　即基本上用自己的語言或完全用自己的語言進行概括。適用于那些提煉文章中心、概括文章風格、概括作用觀點、簡述故事情節、給文章加上標題等方面的概括性題目。 二、概括部分的寫作要求和步驟 我們知道，概括包括2個部分，主題句和支撐句，前者統攝后者。主題句是關鍵。 1．概括的形式是“主題句＋支撐句”。 文體 主題句 支撐句 議論文 文章論點(一句) 文章論據(兩三句) 記敘文 故事的寫作目的主題(一句) 故事大意(兩三句) 說明文 說明的對象/觀點/現象 解釋/分述

　　2.概括的標準：拋棄次要，瞄準寫作目的。 標準的概括采用浮凸式的表達方式，第一句是主題句清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句的質量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對主題句進行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題句之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。

　　概括部分對于輸入材料的加工要求高。概要寫作包含多個分任務(閱讀理解、信息篩選、句子表達等等)，包含幾種能力。第一要分析文章，尋找作者的原來意義。第二要篩選信息，學會區分事實和觀點，重要和次要，普遍與特殊，相關與不相關、原因和結果等復雜的邏輯關系。第三要有英文解釋英文的能力(paraphrase)，用自己簡單的語言來解釋比較復雜語言現象，不能抄襲原文。 總而言之，好的概括具有這么一些特點：主題句統攝，邏輯性強，信息濃度高，意義抽象程度高，等等。讀寫任務的閱讀材料有多種文體，包括記敘文，說明文與議論文。 三、記敘文概括的寫作指導 【例1】　閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。 【閱讀材料】 The Best Gift Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married.Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building.They were now digesting the hardship of life.The only joy was their sweet love for each other.

　　The handsome husband had to burden with a family though he was young.The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved. Christmas was coming.They were thinking of a good gift for each other.Della wore a waterfall of black hair，but her comb was broken.Jim had a gold watch with and old chain，which was passed from his old grandfathers.

　　The big day finally came.On arriving home，Jim was surprised to find Della’s long hair cut short.But Della was also surprised to find Jim’s gold watch gone.She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him！He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless.But it fact they got the best gifts.

　　我們首先分析一下學生的樣本，看看存在什么問題，如何改進。 學生樣本1 This passage tells us a story about a couple.They sold the most value thing for themselves to buy gifts for each other.Even though the gifts were became useless，they had received the best gifts indeed. 學生樣本2 This story tells us that a husband Jim and wife Della love each other.On Christmas，they send best gifts to eachother，but each loses a dear thing.The gifts are useless. 兩個樣本都表達了一些關鍵的詞語(Della，Jim，love，gift等等)，但是從“主題句統攝支撐句”的要求來看，與記敘文的文體目的配合不夠完美。記敘文要講求故事的“教化”意義，它的背后隱藏著“這個故事教育我們什么”的目的，即是“故事情節＋主題”的深層結構。 我們寫概括的時候，主題句最好寫“主題”以瞄準故事的深層寫作目的，然后支撐句寫故事的大意。樣本1的主題句沒有樣2好。樣本1比較空洞，讀者看不出故事的主題；樣本2沒有點明禮物，說到了兩個人之間的“love”。但是樣本1后面的支撐句“Even though the gifts were(became)useless，they(had)received the best gift(s) indeed”說明了故事的情節和目的，又比樣本2好。因此，兩個樣本差不多，可以評3～4分(5分滿分) 四、寫作練筆 完成對例題1　The Best Gift的概括 主題句——瞄準故事的“主題” 支撐句——寫故事的大意，支撐主題句，補充主題句沒有說完的 【答案】 主題句——瞄準故事的“主題” The text is about a gift of love between Jim and Della. 支撐句——寫故事的大意，支撐主題句，補充主題句沒有說完的 Both of them sold what they liked best to buy a gift for the other.The gifts were in fact the true love to each other. Period 3　Grammar 一、品味語法 1．Had I not seen it with my own eyes，I would not have believed it. 要不是親眼所見，我是不會相信的。 2．If you’d listened to me，you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. 如果你聽了我的話，你現在就不會有這樣的麻煩了。 虛擬語氣(Ⅱ)

　　3．Without your help，we could not have succeeded.如果沒有你們的幫助，我們就不會成功。 4．He felt very tired yesterday，or he would have attended the party. 他昨天感覺很累，要不然他就參加晚會了。

　　二、講解歸納 1．if的省略 如果條件從句中的謂語動詞中含有were，had，should，可省略連詞if，把were，had，should放在主語前構成倒裝。如果條件從句是否定式，倒裝時只能把not放在主語之后，不能用縮寫式或把not放在主語之前。

　　Were I you(＝If I were you)，I would do more practice after class. 如果我是你的話，我會在課下多做練習。 Had you arrived(＝If you had arrived)at the station ten minutes earlier，you could have caught the train. 如果你早到車站十分鐘的話，你就可以趕上火車了。 Should he come(＝If he should come)，tell him to ring me up.如果他來的話，告訴他給我打個電話。

　　2．含蓄條件句 有時句子表示的虛擬條件并不一定要用if從句來表示，而是通過連詞or、otherwise、介詞短語或通過上下文和句子的內在邏輯關系來暗示。 We took a taxi to the airport.Otherwise we would have been late. 我們打的去的機場，否則的話我們就可能晚了。 Without music，the world would be a dull place. 沒有音樂的話，世界將會變得很無聊。

　　3．if it be not for …

　　也是一種條件虛擬語氣從句 If it had not been for the help of our teacher，we should not have made so much progress.要是沒有老師的幫助，我們就不會取得那么多的進步。 If it had not been for me，you would not be free. 要不是我的話，你就得不到自由了。

　　4．在有些復合句中，主句謂語動詞和從句謂語動詞表示的動作在時間上并不一致，這類句子稱為錯綜時間條件句(混合式虛擬語氣) If you had studied hard before，you would be a college student now. 如果你以前學習努力的話，你現在就是一名大學生了。 If I were you，I wouldn’t have missed the movie last night.如果我是你的話，我不會錯過昨天晚上的電影。 Ⅰ.用所給詞的適當形式填空 1．He hesitated for a moment before kicking the ball；otherwise，he ________________(score) a goal. 【答案】would have scored 2．But for the Party，he ________________(die) of hunger 15 years ago. 【答案】would have died

　　3．I ________________(go) to visit him in the hospital，but I was fully occupied the whole of last week. 【答案】would have gone 4．If I knew her telephone number，I ________________ (give)her a ring now. 【答案】would give

　　Ⅱ.用虛擬語氣改寫下列句子 1．We want to buy a computer，but we don’t have enough money. 【答案】If we had enough money，we would buy a computer.

　　2．John hurt his leg.John didn’t win the race. 【答案】If John hadn’t hurt his leg，he would have won the race. 3．With my brother’s help，I finished my job.(用but for改寫) 【答案】But for my brother’s help，I wouldn’t have finished my job. 讀寫任務(二) 記敘文的概括 一、新課程對概括部分的要求 新課程標準的三個關鍵詞是問題，信息，表達。文章閱讀是輸入信息，寫作的題目是我們要解決的問題，表達就是我們寫出來文章。

　　所謂“概括要點”，是在閱讀、理解文章內容之后，經過提煉概括，用簡明扼要的語言準確轉述文章內容的一種形式。其方法主要有如下幾種： 提取法　即提取文中的中心句、主旨句、結論句，將其摘取出來，作為概括性文字。這種方法即適用于那些要求用原文語句答題的題目，又適用于要求對內容、主旨進行概括的題目。

　　組合法　即組合文中關鍵性語句或關鍵性的詞語來進行概括。這種方法適用于內容基本清晰，重點語句比較突出而全文的中心句、關鍵語句等不太突出的文章或文段。 自寫法　即基本上用自己的語言或完全用自己的語言進行概括。適用于那些提煉文章中心、概括文章風格、概括作用觀點、簡述故事情節、給文章加上標題等方面的概括性題目。 二、概括部分的寫作要求和步驟 我們知道，概括包括2個部分，主題句和支撐句，前者統攝后者。主題句是關鍵。 1．概括的形式是“主題句＋支撐句”。 文體 主題句 支撐句 議論文 文章論點(一句) 文章論據(兩三句) 記敘文 故事的寫作目的主題(一句) 故事大意(兩三句) 說明文 說明的對象/觀點/現象 解釋/分述

　　2.概括的標準：拋棄次要，瞄準寫作目的。 標準的概括采用浮凸式的表達方式，第一句是主題句清楚明白地告訴了讀者文章的寫作目的，這句的質量決定了概括的成敗。后面的句子對主題句進行解釋和支撐，凡是意義在主題句之外的要毫不吝嗇地予以刪除。

　　概括部分對于輸入材料的加工要求高。概要寫作包含多個分任務(閱讀理解、信息篩選、句子表達等等)，包含幾種能力。第一要分析文章，尋找作者的原來意義。第二要篩選信息，學會區分事實和觀點，重要和次要，普遍與特殊，相關與不相關、原因和結果等復雜的邏輯關系。第三要有英文解釋英文的能力(paraphrase)，用自己簡單的語言來解釋比較復雜語言現象，不能抄襲原文。 總而言之，好的概括具有這么一些特點：主題句統攝，邏輯性強，信息濃度高，意義抽象程度高，等等。讀寫任務的閱讀材料有多種文體，包括記敘文，說明文與議論文。 三、記敘文概括的寫作指導 【例1】　閱讀下面的短文，然后按照要求寫一篇150詞左右的英語短文。 【閱讀材料】 The Best Gift Della and Jim broke away from their families to get married.Now they lived in a small attic of a cold and old building.They were now digesting the hardship of life.The only joy was their sweet love for each other.

　　The handsome husband had to burden with a family though he was young.The beautiful wife took care of the shabby house with the few coins she saved. Christmas was coming.They were thinking of a good gift for each other.Della wore a waterfall of black hair，but her comb was broken.Jim had a gold watch with and old chain，which was passed from his old grandfathers.

　　The big day finally came.On arriving home，Jim was surprised to find Della’s long hair cut short.But Della was also surprised to find Jim’s gold watch gone.She had sold her hair to buy a gold watch chain for him！He had sold his gold watch to buy an expensive comb for her! The gifts were now useless.But it fact they got the best gifts.

　　我們首先分析一下學生的樣本，看看存在什么問題，如何改進。 學生樣本1 This passage tells us a story about a couple.They sold the most value thing for themselves to buy gifts for each other.Even though the gifts were became useless，they had received the best gifts indeed. 學生樣本2 This story tells us that a husband Jim and wife Della love each other.On Christmas，they send best gifts to eachother，but each loses a dear thing.The gifts are useless. 兩個樣本都表達了一些關鍵的詞語(Della，Jim，love，gift等等)，但是從“主題句統攝支撐句”的要求來看，與記敘文的文體目的配合不夠完美。記敘文要講求故事的“教化”意義，它的背后隱藏著“這個故事教育我們什么”的目的，即是“故事情節＋主題”的深層結構。 我們寫概括的時候，主題句最好寫“主題”以瞄準故事的深層寫作目的，然后支撐句寫故事的大意。樣本1的主題句沒有樣2好。樣本1比較空洞，讀者看不出故事的主題；樣本2沒有點明禮物，說到了兩個人之間的“love”。但是樣本1后面的支撐句“Even though the gifts were(became)useless，they(had)received the best gift(s) indeed”說明了故事的情節和目的，又比樣本2好。因此，兩個樣本差不多，可以評3～4分(5分滿分) 四、寫作練筆 完成對例題1　The Best Gift的概括 主題句——瞄準故事的“主題” 支撐句——寫故事的大意，支撐主題句，補充主題句沒有說完的 【答案】 主題句——瞄準故事的“主題” The text is about a gift of love between Jim and Della. 支撐句——寫故事的大意，支撐主題句，補充主題句沒有說完的 Both of them sold what they liked best to buy a gift for the other.The gifts were in fact the true love to each other. Period 3　Grammar 一、品味語法 1．Had I not seen it with my own eyes，I would not have believed it. 要不是親眼所見，我是不會相信的。 2．If you’d listened to me，you wouldn’t be in such trouble now. 如果你聽了我的話，你現在就不會有這樣的麻煩了。 虛擬語氣(Ⅱ)

　　3．Without your help，we could not have succeeded.如果沒有你們的幫助，我們就不會成功。 4．He felt very tired yesterday，or he would have attended the party. 他昨天感覺很累，要不然他就參加晚會了。

　　二、講解歸納 1．if的省略 如果條件從句中的謂語動詞中含有were，had，should，可省略連詞if，把were，had，should放在主語前構成倒裝。如果條件從句是否定式，倒裝時只能把not放在主語之后，不能用縮寫式或把not放在主語之前。

　　Were I you(＝If I were you)，I would do more practice after class. 如果我是你的話，我會在課下多做練習。 Had you arrived(＝If you had arrived)at the station ten minutes earlier，you could have caught the train. 如果你早到車站十分鐘的話，你就可以趕上火車了。 Should he come(＝If he should come)，tell him to ring me up.如果他來的話，告訴他給我打個電話。