Salt-tolerant rice

　　耐鹽大米

　　Nuclear-powered crops.

　　核動力糧食。

　　Physics meets biology in a project to breed better strains of rice.

　　物理學(xué)與生物學(xué)的碰撞--優(yōu)質(zhì)大米培植。

　　THOSE who turn their noses up at genetically modified food seldom seem to consider thatall crops are genetically modified. The difference between a wild plant and one that servessome human end is a lot of selective breeding-the picking and combining over the years ofmutations that result in bigger seeds, tastier fruit or whatever else is required.

　　對轉(zhuǎn)基因食物不屑一顧的人似乎忽視了一個事實(shí)：所有糧食都屬于轉(zhuǎn)基因食物。野生植物與供人食用的植物之間的不同之處在于后者經(jīng)過了層層篩選和培植，也就是經(jīng)過多年的突變，將優(yōu)良品相進(jìn)行選擇并組合，以培育出更大的種子，更甜的果實(shí)，或者人類需要的其他結(jié)果。

　　Nor, these days, are those mutations there by accident. They are, rather, deliberatelyinduced, usually by exposing seeds to radiation. And that is exactly what Tomoko Abe andher colleagues at the Riken Nishina Centre for Accelerator-Based Science in Saitama, outsideTokyo, are doing with rice. The difference is that Dr Abe is not using namby-pamby X-raysand gamma rays to mutate her crop, as is the way in most other countries. Instead she issticking them in a particle accelerator and bombarding them with heavy ions-large atoms thathave been stripped down to their nuclei by the removal of their electrons. This producesbetween ten and 100 times as many mutations as the traditional method, and thusincreases the chances of blundering across some useful ones.

　　這些年的變異并非自然發(fā)生，而是常常通過將種子暴露于輻射下等方式引導(dǎo)發(fā)生的。阿部知子和她的同事就在進(jìn)行這一工作以培育大米。他們的工作地點(diǎn)位于東京外部的埼玉縣仁科加速器研究中心。不同之處在于他們沒有像其他國家一樣，利用纖弱的X射線和伽馬射線來引發(fā)變異。他們將種子放入粒子加速器，并用重離子對種子進(jìn)行轟擊碰撞。重離子是大原子去掉電子后只剩原子核的狀態(tài)。這一方法比輻射法的效果好十到一百倍，并且有用的種子不易被忽略掉。

　　Dr Abe s plan is to use these mutations to create salt-tolerant rice. She has tried to do thatseveral times in the past, but the result did not taste very nice. Her latest effort wasstimulated by the flooding with seawater of almost 24,000 hectares of farmland by thetsunami which followed an earthquake in March last year. Salt-tolerant rice would, though,be of much wider use than just restoring the paddies of Miyagi prefecture and its neighbours,the worst-affected part of the country, to full productivity. About a third of the world s ricepaddies have salt problems, and yields in such briny fields may be half what they would be ifthe water in them were fresh.

　　阿部知子博士計(jì)劃利用變異制造出耐鹽的大米。她已經(jīng)嘗試了多次，但結(jié)果不盡如人意。最近的一次嘗試是由于去年三月地震引起的海嘯沖過了近兩萬四千公頃農(nóng)田。耐鹽大米的作用不僅僅是還原日本受傷害最大的宮城縣內(nèi)和附近的稻田。全球三分之一的稻田都受到鹽的影響，此類稻田的收成僅為正常稻田的一半。

　　To induce the mutations, Dr Abe bombarded germinating seeds with carbon ions for 30seconds. She then planted them in fields in Miyagi. Of 600 seeds that have undergone thistreatment, 250 thrived and themselves produced healthy seeds.

　　為了引發(fā)變異，阿部知子博士用碳離子轟擊發(fā)芽的種子30秒，然后將其種入宮城縣稻田中。在進(jìn)行了上述實(shí)驗(yàn)的600粒種子中，有250粒成活并產(chǎn)出了健康的種子。

　　The next stage of the project, to be carried out this month, is to take 50 grains from each ofthe successful plants and repeat the process with them. The resulting specimens will then besorted and the best selected for crossbreeding, in order to concentrate desirable mutations into reproduciblelines of plants.

　　本周即將進(jìn)行這一計(jì)劃的下一步驟，用50粒成活的種子重復(fù)進(jìn)行上述實(shí)驗(yàn)，再將產(chǎn)出的種子分類。為了使種子變異充分，并且適于種植生產(chǎn)，在宮城縣鹽地生長得最好的部分將再進(jìn)行雜交培育。

　　The result, Dr Abe hopes, will be a viable salt-tolerant strain that is ready for marketwithin four years. With luck, this time, it will be a tasty one as well.

　　阿部知子博士希望能在四年內(nèi)培育出市場需要的耐鹽大米，幸運(yùn)的話這一次的大米將會香甜可口。

　　Salt-tolerant rice

　　耐鹽大米

　　Nuclear-powered crops.

　　核動力糧食。

　　Physics meets biology in a project to breed better strains of rice.

　　物理學(xué)與生物學(xué)的碰撞--優(yōu)質(zhì)大米培植。

　　THOSE who turn their noses up at genetically modified food seldom seem to consider thatall crops are genetically modified. The difference between a wild plant and one that servessome human end is a lot of selective breeding-the picking and combining over the years ofmutations that result in bigger seeds, tastier fruit or whatever else is required.

　　對轉(zhuǎn)基因食物不屑一顧的人似乎忽視了一個事實(shí)：所有糧食都屬于轉(zhuǎn)基因食物。野生植物與供人食用的植物之間的不同之處在于后者經(jīng)過了層層篩選和培植，也就是經(jīng)過多年的突變，將優(yōu)良品相進(jìn)行選擇并組合，以培育出更大的種子，更甜的果實(shí)，或者人類需要的其他結(jié)果。

　　Nor, these days, are those mutations there by accident. They are, rather, deliberatelyinduced, usually by exposing seeds to radiation. And that is exactly what Tomoko Abe andher colleagues at the Riken Nishina Centre for Accelerator-Based Science in Saitama, outsideTokyo, are doing with rice. The difference is that Dr Abe is not using namby-pamby X-raysand gamma rays to mutate her crop, as is the way in most other countries. Instead she issticking them in a particle accelerator and bombarding them with heavy ions-large atoms thathave been stripped down to their nuclei by the removal of their electrons. This producesbetween ten and 100 times as many mutations as the traditional method, and thusincreases the chances of blundering across some useful ones.

　　這些年的變異并非自然發(fā)生，而是常常通過將種子暴露于輻射下等方式引導(dǎo)發(fā)生的。阿部知子和她的同事就在進(jìn)行這一工作以培育大米。他們的工作地點(diǎn)位于東京外部的埼玉縣仁科加速器研究中心。不同之處在于他們沒有像其他國家一樣，利用纖弱的X射線和伽馬射線來引發(fā)變異。他們將種子放入粒子加速器，并用重離子對種子進(jìn)行轟擊碰撞。重離子是大原子去掉電子后只剩原子核的狀態(tài)。這一方法比輻射法的效果好十到一百倍，并且有用的種子不易被忽略掉。

　　Dr Abe s plan is to use these mutations to create salt-tolerant rice. She has tried to do thatseveral times in the past, but the result did not taste very nice. Her latest effort wasstimulated by the flooding with seawater of almost 24,000 hectares of farmland by thetsunami which followed an earthquake in March last year. Salt-tolerant rice would, though,be of much wider use than just restoring the paddies of Miyagi prefecture and its neighbours,the worst-affected part of the country, to full productivity. About a third of the world s ricepaddies have salt problems, and yields in such briny fields may be half what they would be ifthe water in them were fresh.

　　阿部知子博士計(jì)劃利用變異制造出耐鹽的大米。她已經(jīng)嘗試了多次，但結(jié)果不盡如人意。最近的一次嘗試是由于去年三月地震引起的海嘯沖過了近兩萬四千公頃農(nóng)田。耐鹽大米的作用不僅僅是還原日本受傷害最大的宮城縣內(nèi)和附近的稻田。全球三分之一的稻田都受到鹽的影響，此類稻田的收成僅為正常稻田的一半。

　　To induce the mutations, Dr Abe bombarded germinating seeds with carbon ions for 30seconds. She then planted them in fields in Miyagi. Of 600 seeds that have undergone thistreatment, 250 thrived and themselves produced healthy seeds.

　　為了引發(fā)變異，阿部知子博士用碳離子轟擊發(fā)芽的種子30秒，然后將其種入宮城縣稻田中。在進(jìn)行了上述實(shí)驗(yàn)的600粒種子中，有250粒成活并產(chǎn)出了健康的種子。

　　The next stage of the project, to be carried out this month, is to take 50 grains from each ofthe successful plants and repeat the process with them. The resulting specimens will then besorted and the best selected for crossbreeding, in order to concentrate desirable mutations into reproduciblelines of plants.

　　本周即將進(jìn)行這一計(jì)劃的下一步驟，用50粒成活的種子重復(fù)進(jìn)行上述實(shí)驗(yàn)，再將產(chǎn)出的種子分類。為了使種子變異充分，并且適于種植生產(chǎn)，在宮城縣鹽地生長得最好的部分將再進(jìn)行雜交培育。

　　The result, Dr Abe hopes, will be a viable salt-tolerant strain that is ready for marketwithin four years. With luck, this time, it will be a tasty one as well.

　　阿部知子博士希望能在四年內(nèi)培育出市場需要的耐鹽大米，幸運(yùn)的話這一次的大米將會香甜可口。