Section 12　閱讀理解

　　時聞報道類閱讀理解突破方法(Ⅰ)

　　易錯點1　以偏概全

　　“Several studies throughout the last 15 years have shown that infants are very good at telling how many objects they see; however，infants don’t seem to count things like water or sand，” VanMarle said.“What we’re saying is that they can quantify substances; it’s just much harder.The infants can see how much food goes into each cup and compare that in their memories.They decide which amount is larger，and they almost always select the larger one.”

　　What is mainly talked about in the Paragraph?

　　A．The process of doing research.

　　B．The scientific findings.

　　C．The final choice of infants.

　　D．The observation of infants’ behavior.

　　解析　該段的中心詞可提煉為study，discovery等詞，主要介紹研究結果，嬰兒早期就能判斷數量的大小，從而選擇較大的事物。

　　答案　B

　　以題說法

　　此題其他選項干擾性較強，A項中雖有research，但其關鍵詞是process，沒把握住重點而誤選； C項與主題離得較遠，以偏概全，故錯誤；D項比較難排除，如果將其定為正確答案，則文章重點應放在observation上，重點強調動作，而非觀察之后的結果，很

　　突破指南

　　1．在提煉主旨或歸納標題時，可以先從選項入手，找出其中關鍵詞，然后再進一步思考是否能概括段意或是文意，一定不能只看到主題詞就急著選擇，要看其側重點。

　　2．確認選項內容是否切中文章的中心論點，也就是要看選項內容與作者的寫作目的是否一致。要從整篇文章出發歸納概括文章的標題，防止本末倒置、主次不分，避免以點代面、以偏概全，這樣才能排除干擾，選出正確的答案。

　　易錯點2　張冠李戴

　　It all started when Graham Broad，a professor at the University of Western Ontario，found McKay’s name in a footnote in a book about university history....Out of curiosity，Broad spent hours at the local archives(檔案館) in a fruitless search for information on McKay.Tired and discouraged，he finally gave up.On his way out，Broad’s glance happened to fall on an exhibiting case showing some old newspapers.His eye was drawn to an old picture of a young man in a rugby uniform....“After looking for him all day，there he was，staring up at me out of the exhibiting case，” said Broad.

　　What made Professor Broad continue his search for more information on McKay?

　　A．A uniform of McKay.

　　B．A footnote about McKay.

　　C．A book on McKay.

　　D．A picture of McKay.

　　解析　很多人看到第一句話后就以為題目問的“是什么使Broad教授開始想要研究McKay”，從而誤選B，而事實上題干問的是“什么使Broad教授繼續搜尋McKay的信息”，研讀原文可知是A picture of McKay，答案是D。看清問題所問，才不至于混淆問題。

　　答案　D

　　以題說法

　　命題者在設置選項時可能故意弄錯對象：把一個事物的特征說成是另一事物的特征，把他人的觀點說成是作者的觀點，把因說成果

　　突破指南

　　細心是做好閱讀題的首要條件，高考題中的干擾設置往往十分隱蔽，仔細看題，并能從文中找出與之相符的有效信息，是解決此類問題的關鍵所在。

　　易錯點3　偷梁換柱

　　While American rappers have been popular in China since the 1990s，homegrown rap didn’t gain a following until a decade later.The group Yincang(meaning hidden) is one of the pioneers of Chinese rap.It is made up of music lovers from both sides of the Pacific Ocean: a Beijinger，a Chinese－Canadian and two Americans.

　　“The big change was when rappers started writing lyrics in Chinese，so people could understand，” said Zhong Cheng，27，a member of the group who was raised in Canada but born in Beijing，where he returned in 1997.

　　Which of the following is not true about the group Yincang?

　　A．It is not as popular as American rappers in China in 1990s.

　　B．There are three nationalities of the group members.

　　C．The 27－year－old member Zhong Cheng was born in Canada and raised in Beijing.

　　D．The group Yincang(meaning hidden)is a very early rap group in China.

　　解析　把每個選項與原文內容逐一對照可知，C項與原文“...raised in Canada but born in Beijing”看似一樣，其實命題人在此“動了手腳”，將Canada和Beijing位置調換了，從而與原意不符。

　　答案　C

　　以題說法

　　命題人設置的干擾項用了與原文相似的句子結構和大部分相同的詞匯，只是在個別地方換了幾個單詞，造

　　突破指南

　　把握細節理解題的正確選項通常有以下特征：

　　1．對原文句子中的關鍵詞進行替換。如把lose one’s job換成了be out of work。

　　2．詞性或者語態有所變化。把原文中的一些詞變換一下詞性，如把important改成of importance；改變原文中句子的語態，如主動語態與被動語態的轉換。

　　3．語言簡化。把原文中的復雜語言現象進行簡化，成為正確答案

　　4．正話反說。把原文的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項。

　　了解了上述特征，此類題目必能迎刃而解。

　　Passage 1

　　(2024·全國)Salvador Dali (1904－1989) was one of the most popular of modern artists.The Pompidou Centre in Paris is showing its respect and admiration for the artist and his powerful personality with an exhibition bringing together over 200 paintings，sculptures，drawings and more.Among the works and masterworks on exhibition the visitor will find the best pieces，most importantly The Persistence of Memory.There is also L’Enigme sans Fin from 1938，works on paper，objects，and projects for stage and screen and selected parts from television programmes reflecting the artist’s showman qualities.

　　The visitor will enter the World of Dali through an egg and is met with the beginning，the world of birth.The exhibition follows a path of time and subject with the visitor exiting through the brain.

　　The exhibition shows how Dali draws the viewer between two infinities (無限)．“From the infinity small to the infinity large，contraction and expansion coming in and out of focus：amazing Flemish accuracy and the showy Baroque of old painting that he used in his museum－theatre in Figueras，” explains the Pompidou Centre.

　　The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration (合作)with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St.Petersburg，Florida.

　　1．Which of the following best describes Dali according to Paragraph 1?

　　A．Optimistic.

　　B．Productive.

　　C．Generous.

　　D．Traditional.

　　2．What is Dali’s The Persistence of Memory considered to be?

　　A．One of his masterworks.

　　B．A successful screen adaptation.

　　C．An artistic creation for the stage.

　　D．One of the best TV programmes.

　　3．How are the exhibits arranged at the World of Dali?

　　A．By popularity.

　　B．By importance.

　　C．By size and shape.

　　D．By time and subject.

　　4．What does the word “contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?

　　A．Artworks.

　　B．Projects.

　　C．Donations.

　　D．Documents.

　　Passage 2

　　(2024·四川高考)Their cheery song brightens many a winter’s day.But robins are in danger of wearing themselves out by singing too much.Robins are singing all night—as well as during the day，British－based researchers say.

　　David Dominoni, of Glasgow University, said that light from street lamps, takeaway signs and homes is affecting the birds’ biological clock, leading to them being wide awake when they should be asleep.

　　Dr Dominoni, who is putting cameras inside nesting boxes to track sleeping patterns, said lack of sleep could put the birds’ health at risk.His study shows that when robins are exposed to light at night in the lab, it leads to some genes being active at the wrong time of day.And the more birds are exposed to light, the more active they are at night.

　　He told people at a conference, “There have been a couple of studies suggesting they are increasing their song output at night and during the day they are still singing.Singing is a costly behaviour and it takes energy.So by increasing their song output, there might be some costs of energy.”

　　And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light.Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal．Dr Dominoni said, “In Glasgow where I live, gulls are a serious problem.I have people coming to me saying ‘You are the bird expert.Can you help us kill these gulls？’．During the breeding(繁殖)season，between April and June，they are very active at night and very noisy and people can’t sleep.”

　　Although Dr Dominoni has only studied light pollution，other research concluded that robins living in noisy cities have started to sing at night to make themselves heard over loud noise.

　　However, some birds thrive(興旺)in noisy environments.A study from California Polytechnic University found more hummingbirds in areas with heavy industrial machinery.It is thought that they are capitalising on their predators(天敵)fleeing to quieter areas.

　　1．According to Dr Dominoni’s study，what caused robins to sing so much?

　　A．The breeding season.

　　B．The light in modern life.

　　C．The dangerous environment.

　　D．The noise from heavy machinery.

　　2．What is the researchers’ concern over the increase of birds’ song output?

　　A．The environment might be polluted.

　　B．The birds’ health might be damaged.

　　C．The industry cost might be increased.

　　D．The people’s hearing might be affected.

　　3．What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean?

　　A．Active at night.

　　B．Inactive at night.

　　C．Active during the day.

　　D．Inactive during the day.

　　4．Why do some birds thrive in noisy environments?

　　A．Because there are fewer dangers.

　　B．Because there is more food to eat.

　　C．Because there is less light pollution.

　　D．Because there are more places to take shelter.

　　Passage 3

　　(2024·湖北高考)The oddness of life in space never quite goes away.Here are some examples.

　　First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arm out，they float free in zero gravity，often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny ballet(芭蕾) dancer.“I’m an inside guy，” Mike Hopkins says，who returned from a six－month tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”

　　On the station，the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebars.It also has no seat.With no gravity，it’s just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to help circulate air，the carbon dioxide you exhale(呼氣) has a tendency to form an invisible(隱形的) cloud around your head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon－dioxide headache.

　　Leroy Chiao，54，an American retired astronaut after four flights，describes what happens even before you float out of your seat.“Your inner ear thinks you’re falling.Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight.That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.” Within a couple of days—truly terrible days for some—astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear，and space sickness disappears.

　　Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous.For instance，astronauts lose bone mass.That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy.NASA is worried about two things: recovery time once astronauts return home，and，more importantly，how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round－trip to Mars.

　　1．What is the major challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?

　　A．Deciding on a proper sleep position.

　　B．Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag.

　　C．Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly.

　　D．Finding a right time to go to sleep.

　　2．The astronauts will suffer from a carbon－dioxide headache when ________．

　　A．they circle around on their bikes

　　B．they use microcomputers without a stop

　　C．they exercise in one place for a long time

　　D．they watch a movie while pedaling

　　3．Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because ________．

　　A．their senses stop working

　　B．they have to stand up straight

　　C．they float out of their seats unexpectedly

　　D．their brains receive contradictory messages

　　4．One of NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is ________．

　　A．how much exercise they do on the station

　　B．how they can remain healthy for long in space

　　C．whether they can recover after returning home

　　D．whether they are able to go back to the station

　　Passage 4

　　(2024·安徽高考)As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information, are people remembering less? If you know your computer will save information, why store it in your own personal memory, your brain? Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.

　　In a recent study, Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments. She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory. In the first experiment, they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer. The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information. The second group understood that the computer would not save it. Later, the second group remembered the information better. People in the first group knew they could find the information again, so they did not try to remember it.

　　In another experiment, the researchers gave people facts to remember, and told them where to find the information on the computer. The information was in a specific computer folder (文件夾). Surprisingly, people later remembered the folder location (位置) better than the facts. When people use the Internet, they do not remember the information. Rather, they remember how to find it. This is called “transactive memory (交互記憶)”

　　According to Sparrow, we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet. Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories; that is, people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date. This doesn’t mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent, but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.

　　1．The passage begins with two questions to________．