51. Unlike most of the worlds volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earths surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

　　[參考譯文] 跟世界上的大多數(shù)火山不同的是，它們并不總是在由構(gòu)成地球 表面巨大漂流板塊之間的邊界上出現(xiàn);相反，它們中有許多位于一個板 塊較縱深的內(nèi)部。

　　52. The relative motion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earths interior.

　　[參考譯文] 攜帶這些大陸板塊的相對運動已經(jīng)能夠被詳細地表述出來，但是這些板 塊相對于另一些板塊的運動還不能輕易地解釋為它們相對于地球內(nèi)部 的運動。

　　53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures ; in at least a few cases the continentmay break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.

　　[參考譯文] 暫缺

　　54. While warnings are often appropriate and necessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isnt clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

　　[參考譯文] 盡管警告常常是適當而且必須的--比如對于藥物相互作用的危險提出 警告--許多警告還是按州或聯(lián)邦政府規(guī)定要求給出的，然而 并不清楚，如果顧客受到傷害時，這些警告是不是確實可以使得生產(chǎn)者 和銷售者豁免責任。

　　55. At the same time, the American Law Institute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

　　[參考譯文] 與此同時，美國法律研究所--由一群法官、律師和理論專家組成，他 們的建議分量極重--發(fā)布了新的民事傷害法令指導方針，宣稱公司不 必提醒顧客注意顯而易見的危險，也不必連篇累牘地一再提請他們注意 一些可能會出現(xiàn)的危險。

　　56. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to push information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

　　[參考譯文] 但是，在過去的一年間，軟件公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)出工具，使得公司可以直接 將信息推出給顧客，直接把營銷訊息傳遞給目標顧客。

　　57. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

　　[參考譯文] 像Virtual Vineyards，Amazon.com這樣的先驅(qū)網(wǎng)站表明，一個將交互性、 熱情服務和安全性合理結(jié)合以銷售同類商品的網(wǎng)址是可以吸引網(wǎng)上客戶 注意的。

　　58. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.

　　[參考譯文] 有些人為了學生的就業(yè)前景為教室里放置電腦而辯，有些人為教育的徹 底改革中更為廣泛的理由為教室里放置電腦而辯，這兩群人之間有一條 無形的界線。

　　59. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

　　[參考譯文] 我們更應該具有的是作為美國公民的某種觀念，這個公民人物如果不能 很恰當?shù)卣J識到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影響， 那么其公民特征就是不完整的。

　　60. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

　　[參考譯文] 另外，在我們這么一個大國里，經(jīng)濟延展到這么多的州、涉及到這么多 的國際公司，因而要按照數(shù)量培養(yǎng)出所需的各類專業(yè)人員是不大可能的

　　61.But,for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not.

　　[參考譯文] 但是，對一個小部分學生來說，職業(yè)教育也是條可取的路徑。因為在 其他因素相同的情況下，技能的嫻熟是得到工作與否的關(guān)鍵。

　　62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning.

　　[參考譯文] 他宣布自己反對使用這種非同尋常的畜牧繁殖技術(shù)來克隆人類，并下令 . 不準聯(lián)邦政府基金用于做此類試驗--盡管還沒有人建議這么做--他 還請一個以普林斯頓大學校長哈羅得夏皮羅為首的獨立的專家組在90 天內(nèi)向白宮匯報關(guān)于制定有關(guān)克隆人的國家政策的建議。

　　63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning. 參考譯文] 在5月17日的會議上所討論的這份建議書的序言草案中，夏皮羅提出， 專家組已經(jīng)達成廣泛共識，那就是試圖通過成人細胞核克隆來制造人類幼兒的 做法在道德上是不可接受的。

　　64. Because current federal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos for research or to knowingly endanger an embryos life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.

　　[參考譯文] 因為現(xiàn)今的聯(lián)邦法律已經(jīng)禁止使用聯(lián)邦基金克隆胚胎用于研究或者有意地威脅胚胎的生命，NBAC在胚胎研 究上將保持沉默。

　　65. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents.

　　[參考譯文] 如果試驗是像科學雜志上的報告所示的那樣如實地根據(jù)計劃規(guī)劃和實施的話，那么對管理層來說，期待研究能夠產(chǎn)生可以用金錢衡量的結(jié)果是完全合理的。

　　66. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope.

　　[參考譯文] 審查者完全有理由相信，知道自己準備做什么、怎么做的科學家不應該因為必須一只眼盯著收銀機，一只眼盯著顯微鏡而分散了注意力。

　　67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the odd balls among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who work well with the team.

　　[參考譯文] 如果科學家對標準式樣的整齊劃一的要求就像他論文的寫作所反映的一 樣，那么管理層就不該因歧視研究者中的思維與眾不同的人，喜歡其 中較為傳統(tǒng)的善于團隊合作的思想者而受到指責了。

　　68. The grand mediocrity of today--everyone being the same in survival and number of off- spring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe.

　　[參考譯文] 當今人與人在很大程度上的平等--即面對自然淘汰法則人人機會均等，并且連子嗣的數(shù)目都一樣--意味著和在印度土著部落中的情況相比， 印度中上層階級中已喪失了80%的自然選擇中的優(yōu)勢。

　　69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.

　　[參考譯文] 當藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域的一個新運動發(fā)展成某種流行時尚時，最好應該弄清這場運動倡導者的真正意圖，因為，不管他們的原則在今天看來多么牽強無理，很可能多年以后他們的理論會被視為正常。

　　70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature.

　　[參考譯文] 然而就未來主義詩歌來說，情況則不這么簡單了，因為不管未來主義詩歌是什么--就算承認它賴以存在的理論基礎都是正確的--這種形式也很難被歸入文學。

　　71. But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.

　　[參考譯文] 但當我們先是從注釋中得知某詩行講述了一個土耳其軍官和一個保 加利亞軍官在橋上動手打架并雙雙掉進河里，而后卻發(fā)現(xiàn)該行詩中不過只充斥著撲通，撲通，185公斤重這類對他們落水時的動靜以及對軍官們體重的描寫時，我們不免感到困惑不安。

　　72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpans rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.

　　[參考譯文] 戰(zhàn)后嬰兒潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主導的勞動力市場使得青少年的發(fā)展機會變得極為有限，他們已經(jīng)在不停地質(zhì)疑為了爬上日本國內(nèi)那通往優(yōu)秀學校和體面工作的嚴酷的社會階梯而做出的巨大的個人 犧牲。

　　73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the Japanese morality of respect for parents.

　　[參考譯文] 去年，當擔任教育部長職務的瀨戶光夫爭辯說二戰(zhàn)后由美國占領(lǐng)當局引入的自由主義革新削弱了日本民族尊敬父母的道德品質(zhì)的時候，輿論嘩然。

　　74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully 76 percent of Japans 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households.

　　[參考譯文] 隨著經(jīng)濟的增長，出現(xiàn)了集中化：全國1.19億公民，其中整整76%的人口定居城市：在這里，原來的社區(qū)和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒棄，取而代之的是與外界疏于往來的、只由兩代人組成的核心家庭。

　　75. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least a-mong them.

　　[參考譯文] 如果野心的傳統(tǒng)具有生命力，那么這傳統(tǒng)必會為許多人分享;尤其會受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睞，在這些人中受過良好教育的可不占少數(shù)。

　　76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs--the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.

　　[參考譯文] 當然，人們現(xiàn)在對成功及其各種標志的興趣似乎并不亞于先前。消夏 別墅、歐陸旅行、寶馬車--地點、地名以及品牌或許會有變化，但這類事物在今天被人渴求的程度也似乎不會亞于一二十年前。

　　77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools.

　　[參考譯文] 相反，我們被款待看到這樣一些虛偽的壯觀景象，他們似乎比以前的任何時候都更供應充足：美國式物質(zhì)主義的批判者卻擁有位于南安普頓的避暑山莊：激進書籍的出版商卻在三星級餐廳享用一日三餐;倡導在人生各個階段的參與民主制的記者，他的子女卻就讀于私立學校。

　　78. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professional and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word amateur does carry a connotation that person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not share its values.

　　[參考譯文] 科學領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)人員和業(yè)余愛好者之間劃不出涇渭分明的界線：因為任何規(guī)則都有例外。然而，業(yè)余一詞的確意味著相關(guān)人員不能充分融入職業(yè)科學界，尤其未能分享科學圈子的價值。

　　79. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.

　　[參考譯文] 很自然，這種趨勢會在尤以數(shù)學或?qū)嶒炇矣柧殲榛A的自然學科領(lǐng)域表現(xiàn)最為明顯，并且可以英國的地質(zhì)學發(fā)展作例證來說明。

　　80. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.

　　[參考譯文] 將過去一個半世紀英國地質(zhì)學領(lǐng)域的出版物做一下比較，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)不僅對科研的主導地位的強調(diào)不斷攀升，而且一篇可接受的科研論文所包含的內(nèi)容的定義也有所變化。

　　81. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for a mateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the 19th century and then by several local geological journals in the 20th century.

　　[參考譯文] 這樣一來總的結(jié)果便是業(yè)余愛好者想在專業(yè)地質(zhì)學期刊卜發(fā)表文章就更難了，而被廣泛使用的論文評審推薦制度又進一步強化了這一結(jié)果，該種制度先是出現(xiàn)在19世紀的國家級刊物上，后又在20世紀被幾家地方級地質(zhì)學刊物所使用。

　　82. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.

　　[參考譯文] 一個頗為相似的分化過程已經(jīng)導致專業(yè)的地質(zhì)學家走到一起組成一到兩個全國性的專科學術(shù)社團，而業(yè)余地質(zhì)愛好者們傾向于要么仍留在地方社團，要么也以另一種方式組成全國性機構(gòu)。

　　83. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low--level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head--scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.

　　[參考譯文] 遺憾地講，這次資訊機構(gòu)可信度調(diào)查計劃結(jié)果只獲得了一些十分低層次的發(fā)現(xiàn)，比如資訊報道中的事實錯誤，拼寫或語法錯誤交織在一起的還有許多令人撓頭的困惑，譬如讀者到底想讀些什么。

　　84. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M M wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands.

　　[參考譯文] 我認為巨大的并購浪潮背后的最重要的推動力同時也就是促成全球化進程的那方基石：即降低交通運輸成本，逐漸減少貿(mào)易投資壁壘，以及大幅度拓展市場，這些都要求更大規(guī)模的經(jīng)營管理以滿足消費者需求。