牙科X光
2023復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經濟學人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Dental X-rays 牙科X光 Little and not often, please 請不要太頻繁,一點就好 Confirmation that dental X-rays can be bad for you 已證實牙科X光對你是有危害的 If you are a suspicious type you may be disturbed by the fact that, despite reassurances ofthe safety of the procedure, dentists and their technicians, when administering X-rays,usually step out of the room while the deed is done. 盡管牙科X光實施程序的安全已得到了證實，牙醫和技工們還是會在拍X光時離開房間。如果你是一個多疑的人，這樣的事實可能會困擾你。 Not only that, they often drape a lead-lined apron over your body to protect your vitalorgans. Well, all but one: your brain. 不但如此，在拍X光時他們還經常用鉛襯的圍裙蓋住你的身體以保護重要器官但是是除了大腦以外的所有器官。 A study by Elizabeth Claus, of Yale University, just published in Cancer, suggests yoursuspicions might be justified. 耶魯大學的伊麗莎白. 克勞斯醫生的一項研究結果剛在癌癥雜志上發表。此項研究表明你的懷疑可能并非杞人憂天。 Dr Claus thinks she has identified, in those who have had dental X-rays often, a significantrise in the admittedly small risk of developing a brain tumour. 克勞斯醫認為她已發現那些經常拍牙科X光的病人得腦瘤的風險確實有顯著升高。 In rich countries, five men in every 200,000, and twice as many women, develop tumourscalled meningiomas that affect the membranes surrounding the brain. 在富裕的國家里，每200，000人中就有5名男性得一種叫腦脊膜瘤的腦瘤，此瘤破壞腦膜，而且發病的女性人數是男性的兩倍。 Meningiomas account for a third of primary brain tumours. 腦脊膜瘤的患者占原發性腦瘤患者的三分之一。 Only about 2% of them are malignant, but non-malignant does not mean non-dangerous. 只有2%的腦脊膜瘤是惡性的，但是非惡性并不代表沒有危險。 Even a benign meningioma can kill. 即使是良性的腦脊膜瘤也會至死。 Around 30% do so within five years of diagnosis. Symptoms can include seizures andblindness, and treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy or, ironically,radiotherapy. 大約30%的至死病例是發生在確診后5年。這種腦瘤的癥狀包括:痙攣和失明，可以通過手術，化療，或者用放射療法來進行治療。 Ironically, because past research studying the after-effects of exposure to things like atombombs and radiation treatments for cancer suggests the most important environmental riskfactor for meningiomas is ionising radiation. 諷刺的是，對人體暴露于類似原子彈輻射和癌癥放射療法的后果的研究顯示，產生腦脊膜瘤的最主要的環境風險因素是離子輻射。 These days, however, the main source of ionising radiation for most people is neitherfallout from bombs nor radiotherapy; it is dental X-rays. 然而，現今影響大多數人的離子輻射的主要源頭既不是原子彈的輻射塵埃也不是放射療法，而是牙科X光。 Despite that, surprisingly little research has been done on those X-rays effects. 盡管如此，令人驚訝的是幾乎沒有牙科X光對人類影響的研究。 Dr Claus and her colleagues have tried to plug the gap. 克勞斯醫生和她的同事們已在努力填補這一空白。 They studied 1,433 Americans who have had meningiomas and compared them with 1,350others who have not. 他們研究了1433名美國的腦脊膜瘤患者，并把他們與1350名非患者進行對比。 These others were chosen to match the study group s age profile, sex ratio and dwellingplace. 這些被選擇的非患者構成符合研究所需的年齡組成，性別比例和所在居住地。 The researchers then inquired about both groups family, medical and dental histories. 研究人員獲取了這兩組研究對象的家庭，病史，和牙病史的數據。 In the case of their dental histories, participants were asked whether they generally hadstandard X-rays, known as bitewings, every year, or never had them, or fell somewhere inbetween. 對于牙病史，參與者被問及他們是否通常每年接受常規的牙醫X光，或是從沒拍過，或是介于以上兩者之間。 They were also asked how often they had had panoramic X-raysso-called panorexestakenof their entire mouths, and whether they had ever had braces, the fitting of which ofteninvolves a panoramic X-ray. 他們還被問及拍全頜x光對整個口腔拍攝X光的經常性，以及是否做過牙齒整形通常是會要求拍全頜x光。 The researchers found that people who had had a meningioma were more than twice as likelyas those who had not to have had at least one bitewing X-ray. 研究發現患腦脊膜瘤的病人發病的可能性是那些沒拍過咬翼片的人的兩倍以上。 And the more bitewings they had been given, the greater that likelihood was. 拍咬翼片次數越多的人，可能性越大。 Even more troubling was the finding that people who had been given a panorex when theywere under ten had 4.9 times the normal risk of developing a meningioma. 更讓人擔憂的發現是十歲以下拍過全頜x光的人患腦脊膜瘤的概率是正常風險值的4.9倍。 To be fair, only 22 participants in the study had both had a panorex and developed such atumour. 公平地說，只有22名研究參與者拍過全頜x光并患有腦脊膜瘤。 But according to Dr Claus, the panorex was not common when most of the people in thestudy had been children. 但據克勞斯醫生說，以前研究對象大部分是兒童，拍全頜x光的現象并不普遍。 Nowadays, she says, before getting braces all the kids have it. 如今，她說，在牙齒整形之前所有兒童都拍過全頜x光了。 What these results mean in practice is debatable. 以上研究發現的實際意義還是有爭議的。 The radiation dose from an individual dental X-ray, Dr Claus points out, has gone down byabout half over the past 30 years or so. 克勞斯醫生指出，單次牙醫X光的輻射劑量已在過去的30年降低到原來的一半左右。 In addition, some dentists and orthodontiststhough far from the majorityhave turned todigital methods that expose patients to even lower levels. But others are using fancy newtechniques like cone-beam computerised tomography which actually expose people tomuch higher levels of radiation. 另外，一些牙科醫生和整牙醫師雖然并不占多數，已轉用電子手段，這就更大程度的降低了病人所受的輻射程度。 Moreover, guidelines from the American Dental Association state that healthy adults shouldhave a bitewing X-ray no more than once every two or three years, and that there is littlereason to X-ray patients who do not have symptoms. 此外，美國牙科協會的指南規定健康成年人每兩到三年不應拍超過一次的咬翼片，并且沒有理由給無病癥的病人拍X光。 These are policies which Dr Claus describes as quite reasonable. 克勞斯醫生認為這些政策是很合理的。 But if what her participants told her is true, not all dentists are heeding their ownprofessional body s advice. 如果研究參與者所告知的都是事實的話，可見并不是所有牙科醫生都留心自身的建議。 Most of those who took part in the study reported having at least one X-ray a year. 大多數參與研究的人表示一年至少拍了一次x 光。 Dr Claus s work, then, is a timely reminder that X-rays are dangerous, that dentists shoulduse them sparingly and that patients who have suspicions about their use are not necessarilyparanoid. 克勞斯醫生的工作及時地提醒了我們，拍x光是有危險的，牙醫應該保守地使用它們，這樣看來病人們對x光的疑慮并不是所謂的妄想。 詞語解釋 1.step out of 走出去 Can you step out of the park with us? 你可以跟我們一起走出這個公園嗎? But take that first step out of hell. 除了邁出地獄的第一步。 2.account for 導致，引起 Do women account for more of today s affairs? 如今女性在婚外情中所占比例是不是更大? Philosophers had long wondered how to account for essences. 長期以來，哲學家們困惑于如何說明這些本質。 3.compare with 與相比;比得上 Life isn t fair-don t compare with or be jealous of others. 生活并不是公平的不要比較也不要嫉妒別人。 Atheists have precious little to compare with this. 相比之下，無神論者的資源就少得可憐。 4.point out 提示;點明;指明 Nobody seems minded to point out an obvious fact. 似乎沒人愿意指出一個顯而易見的事實。 I have something to point out. 有些地方我要指出來。
2023復習正是強化復習階段，在考研英語中占了40分，所以考研英語閱讀是英語科目中重要的一項。名師老師曾建議過考研生需要堅持每天泛讀10-15分鐘的英文原刊。強烈推薦了雜志《經濟學人》.雜志中的文章也是考研英語的主要材料來源.希望考研考生認真閱讀，快速提高考研英語閱讀水平。 Dental X-rays 牙科X光 Little and not often, please 請不要太頻繁,一點就好 Confirmation that dental X-rays can be bad for you 已證實牙科X光對你是有危害的 If you are a suspicious type you may be disturbed by the fact that, despite reassurances ofthe safety of the procedure, dentists and their technicians, when administering X-rays,usually step out of the room while the deed is done. 盡管牙科X光實施程序的安全已得到了證實，牙醫和技工們還是會在拍X光時離開房間。如果你是一個多疑的人，這樣的事實可能會困擾你。 Not only that, they often drape a lead-lined apron over your body to protect your vitalorgans. Well, all but one: your brain. 不但如此，在拍X光時他們還經常用鉛襯的圍裙蓋住你的身體以保護重要器官但是是除了大腦以外的所有器官。 A study by Elizabeth Claus, of Yale University, just published in Cancer, suggests yoursuspicions might be justified. 耶魯大學的伊麗莎白. 克勞斯醫生的一項研究結果剛在癌癥雜志上發表。此項研究表明你的懷疑可能并非杞人憂天。 Dr Claus thinks she has identified, in those who have had dental X-rays often, a significantrise in the admittedly small risk of developing a brain tumour. 克勞斯醫認為她已發現那些經常拍牙科X光的病人得腦瘤的風險確實有顯著升高。 In rich countries, five men in every 200,000, and twice as many women, develop tumourscalled meningiomas that affect the membranes surrounding the brain. 在富裕的國家里，每200，000人中就有5名男性得一種叫腦脊膜瘤的腦瘤，此瘤破壞腦膜，而且發病的女性人數是男性的兩倍。 Meningiomas account for a third of primary brain tumours. 腦脊膜瘤的患者占原發性腦瘤患者的三分之一。 Only about 2% of them are malignant, but non-malignant does not mean non-dangerous. 只有2%的腦脊膜瘤是惡性的，但是非惡性并不代表沒有危險。 Even a benign meningioma can kill. 即使是良性的腦脊膜瘤也會至死。 Around 30% do so within five years of diagnosis. Symptoms can include seizures andblindness, and treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy or, ironically,radiotherapy. 大約30%的至死病例是發生在確診后5年。這種腦瘤的癥狀包括:痙攣和失明，可以通過手術，化療，或者用放射療法來進行治療。 Ironically, because past research studying the after-effects of exposure to things like atombombs and radiation treatments for cancer suggests the most important environmental riskfactor for meningiomas is ionising radiation. 諷刺的是，對人體暴露于類似原子彈輻射和癌癥放射療法的后果的研究顯示，產生腦脊膜瘤的最主要的環境風險因素是離子輻射。 These days, however, the main source of ionising radiation for most people is neitherfallout from bombs nor radiotherapy; it is dental X-rays. 然而，現今影響大多數人的離子輻射的主要源頭既不是原子彈的輻射塵埃也不是放射療法，而是牙科X光。 Despite that, surprisingly little research has been done on those X-rays effects. 盡管如此，令人驚訝的是幾乎沒有牙科X光對人類影響的研究。 Dr Claus and her colleagues have tried to plug the gap. 克勞斯醫生和她的同事們已在努力填補這一空白。 They studied 1,433 Americans who have had meningiomas and compared them with 1,350others who have not. 他們研究了1433名美國的腦脊膜瘤患者，并把他們與1350名非患者進行對比。 These others were chosen to match the study group s age profile, sex ratio and dwellingplace. 這些被選擇的非患者構成符合研究所需的年齡組成，性別比例和所在居住地。 The researchers then inquired about both groups family, medical and dental histories. 研究人員獲取了這兩組研究對象的家庭，病史，和牙病史的數據。 In the case of their dental histories, participants were asked whether they generally hadstandard X-rays, known as bitewings, every year, or never had them, or fell somewhere inbetween. 對于牙病史，參與者被問及他們是否通常每年接受常規的牙醫X光，或是從沒拍過，或是介于以上兩者之間。 They were also asked how often they had had panoramic X-raysso-called panorexestakenof their entire mouths, and whether they had ever had braces, the fitting of which ofteninvolves a panoramic X-ray. 他們還被問及拍全頜x光對整個口腔拍攝X光的經常性，以及是否做過牙齒整形通常是會要求拍全頜x光。 The researchers found that people who had had a meningioma were more than twice as likelyas those who had not to have had at least one bitewing X-ray. 研究發現患腦脊膜瘤的病人發病的可能性是那些沒拍過咬翼片的人的兩倍以上。 And the more bitewings they had been given, the greater that likelihood was. 拍咬翼片次數越多的人，可能性越大。 Even more troubling was the finding that people who had been given a panorex when theywere under ten had 4.9 times the normal risk of developing a meningioma. 更讓人擔憂的發現是十歲以下拍過全頜x光的人患腦脊膜瘤的概率是正常風險值的4.9倍。 To be fair, only 22 participants in the study had both had a panorex and developed such atumour. 公平地說，只有22名研究參與者拍過全頜x光并患有腦脊膜瘤。 But according to Dr Claus, the panorex was not common when most of the people in thestudy had been children. 但據克勞斯醫生說，以前研究對象大部分是兒童，拍全頜x光的現象并不普遍。 Nowadays, she says, before getting braces all the kids have it. 如今，她說，在牙齒整形之前所有兒童都拍過全頜x光了。 What these results mean in practice is debatable. 以上研究發現的實際意義還是有爭議的。 The radiation dose from an individual dental X-ray, Dr Claus points out, has gone down byabout half over the past 30 years or so. 克勞斯醫生指出，單次牙醫X光的輻射劑量已在過去的30年降低到原來的一半左右。 In addition, some dentists and orthodontiststhough far from the majorityhave turned todigital methods that expose patients to even lower levels. But others are using fancy newtechniques like cone-beam computerised tomography which actually expose people tomuch higher levels of radiation. 另外，一些牙科醫生和整牙醫師雖然并不占多數，已轉用電子手段，這就更大程度的降低了病人所受的輻射程度。 Moreover, guidelines from the American Dental Association state that healthy adults shouldhave a bitewing X-ray no more than once every two or three years, and that there is littlereason to X-ray patients who do not have symptoms. 此外，美國牙科協會的指南規定健康成年人每兩到三年不應拍超過一次的咬翼片，并且沒有理由給無病癥的病人拍X光。 These are policies which Dr Claus describes as quite reasonable. 克勞斯醫生認為這些政策是很合理的。 But if what her participants told her is true, not all dentists are heeding their ownprofessional body s advice. 如果研究參與者所告知的都是事實的話，可見并不是所有牙科醫生都留心自身的建議。 Most of those who took part in the study reported having at least one X-ray a year. 大多數參與研究的人表示一年至少拍了一次x 光。 Dr Claus s work, then, is a timely reminder that X-rays are dangerous, that dentists shoulduse them sparingly and that patients who have suspicions about their use are not necessarilyparanoid. 克勞斯醫生的工作及時地提醒了我們，拍x光是有危險的，牙醫應該保守地使用它們，這樣看來病人們對x光的疑慮并不是所謂的妄想。 詞語解釋 1.step out of 走出去 Can you step out of the park with us? 你可以跟我們一起走出這個公園嗎? But take that first step out of hell. 除了邁出地獄的第一步。 2.account for 導致，引起 Do women account for more of today s affairs? 如今女性在婚外情中所占比例是不是更大? Philosophers had long wondered how to account for essences. 長期以來，哲學家們困惑于如何說明這些本質。 3.compare with 與相比;比得上 Life isn t fair-don t compare with or be jealous of others. 生活并不是公平的不要比較也不要嫉妒別人。 Atheists have precious little to compare with this. 相比之下，無神論者的資源就少得可憐。 4.point out 提示;點明;指明 Nobody seems minded to point out an obvious fact. 似乎沒人愿意指出一個顯而易見的事實。 I have something to point out. 有些地方我要指出來。
