John D.Rockefeller

　　John Davidson Rockefeller was born in Richford, New York in 1839. He attended the Cleveland Central High School and at 16 he became a clerk in a commission house. Determined to work for himself, Rockefeller saved all the money he could and in 1850 went into business with a young Englishman, Maurice Clark. The company, Clark Rockefeller Produce and Commission, sold farm implements, fertilizers and household goods.

　　Rockefellers company was fairly successful but did not bring him the wealth he desired. In 1862 Rockefeller heard that Samuel Andrews had developed a better and cheaper way of refining crude petroleum. Rockefeller sold his original business and invested it in a new company he set up with Andrews called Standard Oil.

　　One of the business problems that Rockefeller encountered was the high cost of transporting his oil to his Cleveland refineries and the refined oil to New York .

　　Rockefeller negotiated an exclusive deal with the railway company where he guaranteed sixty car-loads a day. In return the transport prices were reduced to 35 cents and $1.30. The cost of his oil was reduced and his sales increased dramatically.

　　Within a year four of his thirty competitors were out of business. Eventually Standard Oil monopolized oil refining in Cleveland. Rockefeller now bought out Samuel Andrews for a million dollars and turned his attentions to controlling the oil industry throughout the United States. His competitors were given the choice of being swallowed up by Standard Oil or being crushed. By 1890 Rockefellers had swollen into an immense monopoly which could fix its own prices and terms of business because it had no competitors. In 1896 Rockefeller was worth about $200 million.

　　In November 1902, Ira Tarbell, one of the leading muckraking journalists in the United States, began a series of articles in McClures Magazine on how Rockefeller had achieved a monopoly in refining, transporting and marketing oil. This material was eventually published as a book, History of the Standard Oil Company . Rockefeller responded to these attacks by describing Tarbell as Miss Tarbarrel.

　　President Theodore Roosevelt, who had been elected on a program that included reducing the power of large corporations, attempted to use the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to deal with Rockefellers monopoly of the oil industry. This was largely ineffective and it was not until 1911 that the Supreme Court dissolved the Standard Oil monopoly.

　　The various press campaigns against Rockefeller had turned him into one of Americas most hated men. A devout Baptist, Rockefeller began giving his money away. He set up the Rockefeller Foundation to promote the well-being of mankind. Over the next few years Rockefeller gave over $500 million in aid of medical research, universities and Baptist churches. He was also a major supplier of funds to organizations such as the Anti-Saloon League that was involved in the campaign for prohibition. By the time that he died died on 23rd My, 1937, John Davidson Rockefeller had become a popular national figure.

　　Key words: businessman founder of Standard Oil

　　洛克菲勒

　　約翰洛克菲勒出生在美國東北部一個小村，家境貧寒。幼年時，曾將別人送他的一對火雞精心喂養成群，挑好的在集市上出售。12 歲時積蓄了50 美元，他把錢借給鄰居，收取本息。

　　在克利夫蘭商業學校畢業后，曾任一運輸公司會計，三年積蓄900 美元。他未參加南北戰爭，卻在戰爭中撈取了1.7 萬美元。他沉默寡言，把全部精力傾注在金錢上。23 歲時起，他靠煉油廠獲得了很多財富。1870 年，他把兩座煉油廠和石油輸出商行合并，創建俄亥俄美孚石油公司。此后不到兩年的時間，他的公司以驚人的速度吞并發展。接著，為控制全國石油工業，他操縱紐約中央鐵路公司和伊利公司同賓夕法尼亞公司開展鐵路運費方面的競爭。結果，在8 年內，美孚石油公司煉油能力從占全美4%猛增到95%。美孚公司幾乎控制了美國全部工業和幾條大鐵路干線。1882 年，它成為美國歷史上第一個托拉斯。后來，洛克菲勒財團又形成由花旗銀行、大通曼哈頓銀行等四家大銀行和三家保險公司組成的金融核心機構，這七大企業控制全國銀行資產的12%和全國保險業資產的26%，洛氏家族通過它們影響工業企業決策。

　　洛克菲勒財團創辦基金會，向教育、文化、醫療衛生和其他社會團體贈款，擴大影響和勢力。洛克菲勒財團還指派親信人物擔任政府要職，如曾任國務卿的杜勒斯、臘斯克都擔任過洛氏基金會董事長的職務;基辛格出任國務卿之前，曾擔任納爾遜洛克菲勒的外交政策私人顧問。該家族的成員也活躍于政治舞臺，左右內政和外交政策，如納爾遜洛克菲勒就曾擔任19741977 年美國副總統。

　　John D.Rockefeller

　　John Davidson Rockefeller was born in Richford, New York in 1839. He attended the Cleveland Central High School and at 16 he became a clerk in a commission house. Determined to work for himself, Rockefeller saved all the money he could and in 1850 went into business with a young Englishman, Maurice Clark. The company, Clark Rockefeller Produce and Commission, sold farm implements, fertilizers and household goods.

　　Rockefellers company was fairly successful but did not bring him the wealth he desired. In 1862 Rockefeller heard that Samuel Andrews had developed a better and cheaper way of refining crude petroleum. Rockefeller sold his original business and invested it in a new company he set up with Andrews called Standard Oil.

　　One of the business problems that Rockefeller encountered was the high cost of transporting his oil to his Cleveland refineries and the refined oil to New York .

　　Rockefeller negotiated an exclusive deal with the railway company where he guaranteed sixty car-loads a day. In return the transport prices were reduced to 35 cents and $1.30. The cost of his oil was reduced and his sales increased dramatically.

　　Within a year four of his thirty competitors were out of business. Eventually Standard Oil monopolized oil refining in Cleveland. Rockefeller now bought out Samuel Andrews for a million dollars and turned his attentions to controlling the oil industry throughout the United States. His competitors were given the choice of being swallowed up by Standard Oil or being crushed. By 1890 Rockefellers had swollen into an immense monopoly which could fix its own prices and terms of business because it had no competitors. In 1896 Rockefeller was worth about $200 million.

　　In November 1902, Ira Tarbell, one of the leading muckraking journalists in the United States, began a series of articles in McClures Magazine on how Rockefeller had achieved a monopoly in refining, transporting and marketing oil. This material was eventually published as a book, History of the Standard Oil Company . Rockefeller responded to these attacks by describing Tarbell as Miss Tarbarrel.

　　President Theodore Roosevelt, who had been elected on a program that included reducing the power of large corporations, attempted to use the Sherman Anti-Trust Act to deal with Rockefellers monopoly of the oil industry. This was largely ineffective and it was not until 1911 that the Supreme Court dissolved the Standard Oil monopoly.

　　The various press campaigns against Rockefeller had turned him into one of Americas most hated men. A devout Baptist, Rockefeller began giving his money away. He set up the Rockefeller Foundation to promote the well-being of mankind. Over the next few years Rockefeller gave over $500 million in aid of medical research, universities and Baptist churches. He was also a major supplier of funds to organizations such as the Anti-Saloon League that was involved in the campaign for prohibition. By the time that he died died on 23rd My, 1937, John Davidson Rockefeller had become a popular national figure.

　　Key words: businessman founder of Standard Oil

　　洛克菲勒

　　約翰洛克菲勒出生在美國東北部一個小村，家境貧寒。幼年時，曾將別人送他的一對火雞精心喂養成群，挑好的在集市上出售。12 歲時積蓄了50 美元，他把錢借給鄰居，收取本息。

　　在克利夫蘭商業學校畢業后，曾任一運輸公司會計，三年積蓄900 美元。他未參加南北戰爭，卻在戰爭中撈取了1.7 萬美元。他沉默寡言，把全部精力傾注在金錢上。23 歲時起，他靠煉油廠獲得了很多財富。1870 年，他把兩座煉油廠和石油輸出商行合并，創建俄亥俄美孚石油公司。此后不到兩年的時間，他的公司以驚人的速度吞并發展。接著，為控制全國石油工業，他操縱紐約中央鐵路公司和伊利公司同賓夕法尼亞公司開展鐵路運費方面的競爭。結果，在8 年內，美孚石油公司煉油能力從占全美4%猛增到95%。美孚公司幾乎控制了美國全部工業和幾條大鐵路干線。1882 年，它成為美國歷史上第一個托拉斯。后來，洛克菲勒財團又形成由花旗銀行、大通曼哈頓銀行等四家大銀行和三家保險公司組成的金融核心機構，這七大企業控制全國銀行資產的12%和全國保險業資產的26%，洛氏家族通過它們影響工業企業決策。

　　洛克菲勒財團創辦基金會，向教育、文化、醫療衛生和其他社會團體贈款，擴大影響和勢力。洛克菲勒財團還指派親信人物擔任政府要職，如曾任國務卿的杜勒斯、臘斯克都擔任過洛氏基金會董事長的職務;基辛格出任國務卿之前，曾擔任納爾遜洛克菲勒的外交政策私人顧問。該家族的成員也活躍于政治舞臺，左右內政和外交政策，如納爾遜洛克菲勒就曾擔任19741977 年美國副總統。