GRE寫作的這些論證方法
一、演繹推理論證法
將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。
論點:Demand for this product wii go up。
論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
二、定義法
界定一個概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認(rèn)定某個事物符合某個定義，從而得出結(jié)論。例如:
論點:Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.
三、因果關(guān)系論證法
將一個判斷放入一個因果關(guān)系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結(jié)果。例如:
論點:The internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the groups depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。如:
論點:Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:
論點:The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù):The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比、橫向類比、比喻式類比。例如:
1.縱向類比
論點:Many people will die of SARS.
論據(jù):Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依據(jù):SARS and Black Death are similar.
2.橫向類比
論點:China should have its fighter carriers.
論據(jù):A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依據(jù):The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式類比
論點:Reading a difficult book should take time.
論據(jù):Digesting a large metal takes time.
推理依據(jù):Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用權(quán)威論證法
引用公認(rèn)的權(quán)威，或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如:
論點:Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸嘗試法
利用人們的常識【包括:普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機(jī)、生活常識】進(jìn)行論證。例如:
1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。
論點:The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.
2.訴諸普遍動機(jī)
論點:You should support this candidate premier.
論據(jù):The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
推理依據(jù):You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
3.訴諸生活常識
論點:She was very kind to me.
論據(jù):She treated me with the best tea she had.
推理依據(jù):A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
九、反證法
假設(shè)一個觀點是正確的，然后卻推導(dǎo)出荒謬的結(jié)論。例如:
論點:An industrious man must also be thrifty.
論據(jù):With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.
推理依據(jù):An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)論證法
提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如:
論點:We should end the current poverty-relief program.
論據(jù):It costs $45 million per year.
推理依據(jù):This is too much;it proves we should end it.
只是一個詳細(xì)的結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析說明，在具體運用時，我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關(guān)鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會至少一種。
一、演繹推理論證法
將一個具體的事例運用到一個一般性原則從而得出結(jié)論。
論點:Demand for this product wii go up。
論據(jù):The price of the product is sliding.
推理依據(jù):Whenever prices of a product go down , demand for it rises.
二、定義法
界定一個概念的關(guān)鍵內(nèi)涵;或者認(rèn)定某個事物符合某個定義，從而得出結(jié)論。例如:
論點:Radical feminists are not good citizens.
論據(jù):Radical feminists lack family values.
推理依據(jù):Family values characterize the good citizes.
三、因果關(guān)系論證法
將一個判斷放入一個因果關(guān)系中，指出它或者是原因，或者是結(jié)果。例如:
論點:The internet may be causing depression.
論據(jù):When a group of people increased their use of the Internet , they felt depressed.
推理依據(jù):There are no other reasons for the groups depression.
四、歸納推理論證法
從若干個具體事例中推出共性的一般結(jié)論。如:
論點:Everyone likes the movie.
論據(jù):I know three people who like the movie.
推理依據(jù):Three eaxmples are enough.
五、列舉特征式論證法
指出某事物發(fā)生或者生存的征候或者跡象。例如:
論點:The child has chickenpox.
論據(jù):The child has red spots.
推理依據(jù):These spots are signs of chickenpox.
六、類比論證法
用我們已知的、熟悉的事物同未知的。不熟悉的事物加以比較，并用前者的情況解釋者 的情況。分為三種:縱向類比、橫向類比、比喻式類比。例如:
1.縱向類比
論點:Many people will die of SARS.
論據(jù):Many people died of the Black Death.
推理依據(jù):SARS and Black Death are similar.
2.橫向類比
論點:China should have its fighter carriers.
論據(jù):A neighboring country has a powerful carrier fleet.
推理依據(jù):The two countries are similar enough to draw such a comparison.
3.比喻式類比
論點:Reading a difficult book should take time.
論據(jù):Digesting a large metal takes time.
推理依據(jù):Reading and eating are sufficiently alike to be compared.
七、引用權(quán)威論證法
引用公認(rèn)的權(quán)威，或者論證自己就是權(quán)威從而對自己的觀點加以論證。例如:
論點:Chinas economy will grow 8 poercent this year.
論據(jù):Professors and scientists say so.
推理依據(jù):These experts are reliable.
八、訴諸嘗試法
利用人們的常識【包括:普遍的價值觀念、人的普遍動機(jī)、生活常識】進(jìn)行論證。例如:
1.訴諸普遍性的價值觀念。
論點:The university curriculum should be multicultural.
論據(jù):A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.
推理依據(jù):You value equality and acceptance.
2.訴諸普遍動機(jī)
論點:You should support this candidate premier.
論據(jù):The candidate can help you get job security and safe neighbourhoods.
推理依據(jù):You want job security and safe neighbourhoods.
3.訴諸生活常識
論點:She was very kind to me.
論據(jù):She treated me with the best tea she had.
推理依據(jù):A treatment with the best tea is an expression of kindness.
九、反證法
假設(shè)一個觀點是正確的，然后卻推導(dǎo)出荒謬的結(jié)論。例如:
論點:An industrious man must also be thrifty.
論據(jù):With only industry but without thrift ，the person will end uo bankrupt.
推理依據(jù):An industrious person ending up bankrupt sounds absurd.
十、統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)論證法
提供數(shù)據(jù)，以資論證。例如:
論點:We should end the current poverty-relief program.
論據(jù):It costs $45 million per year.
推理依據(jù):This is too much;it proves we should end it.
只是一個詳細(xì)的結(jié)構(gòu)上的分析說明，在具體運用時，我們經(jīng)常講推理依據(jù)和論據(jù)放在了一起，但只要合理即可。論據(jù)可以自己編造，也可以是大眾的例子，關(guān)鍵在于自己怎么樣建立論點和論據(jù)之間的橋梁。上面的這些技巧，可能我們只用到某種或某幾種，但我們必須得會至少一種。
