非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1

　　 動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞,過(guò)去分詞)和動(dòng)名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)將現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動(dòng)詞的形式不能在句中單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)用,因而沒有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)。但可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)。由于沒有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ),也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定,因?yàn)椴皇侵^語(yǔ),也就沒有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),但這些詞仍能表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài),所以仍有表示與其他動(dòng)詞相對(duì)時(shí)間關(guān)系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,因此也有表示主、被動(dòng)的形式,同時(shí)也有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),一起構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ),分詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式多樣,應(yīng)用廣泛,且在句中起著很活躍的作用,也是語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),學(xué)好非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,才能正確進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)和書面的交流。

　　 動(dòng)詞不定式、過(guò)去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語(yǔ)用,所以叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

　　 (一)動(dòng)詞不定式:

　　 動(dòng)詞不定式由to+ 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,如:to study, to play,動(dòng)詞不定式雖然不能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用,但仍留著動(dòng)詞的特征,它可以帶有所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ),如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

　　 1、動(dòng)詞不定式的形式變化:動(dòng)詞不定式有下列時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式變化。

　　 語(yǔ)態(tài)式 一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式 完成進(jìn)行式

　　 主 動(dòng) to build to have built to be building to have been building

　　 被 動(dòng) to be build to have been build

　　 2、動(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法:動(dòng)詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,可在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)用,如:

　　 (1)作主語(yǔ):To help each other is good.(動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ),而將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

　　 (2)作表語(yǔ):My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動(dòng)詞不定式在系動(dòng)詞be之后作表語(yǔ),與表示將來(lái)時(shí)的be + 動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們的計(jì)劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。(句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為is,動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 為表語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)為plan,但plan并不是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)詞不定式 to set up所表示的動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)plan產(chǎn)生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。(句中的are to set up整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)為we,同時(shí)也是動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作是由we產(chǎn)生的)。

　　 (3)作賓語(yǔ):①作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ):可以有動(dòng)詞不定式為賓語(yǔ)的形容詞一般有g(shù)lad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ),但動(dòng)詞不定式之前如有疑問(wèn)詞時(shí),就可作介詞的賓語(yǔ),如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

　　 (4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式須將to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

　　 (5)動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ),如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),須先用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將該動(dòng)詞不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

　　 (6)作定語(yǔ):動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)詞不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,不定式后面就要用必要的介詞,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way,不定式后面的介詞,習(xí)慣上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

　　 (7)作狀語(yǔ):動(dòng)詞不定式可以作下列的狀語(yǔ):①目的狀語(yǔ): Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或?yàn)榱?,但應(yīng)注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可強(qiáng)調(diào)目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②結(jié)果狀語(yǔ):They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。③too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式,表示足能的結(jié)果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

　　 3、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式:由for + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動(dòng)詞不定式即構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞不定式。其中for本身無(wú)意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),這種不定式在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí),就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),這些形容詞一般有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

　　 4、疑問(wèn)詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式:疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

　　 5、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式:動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

　　 6、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系:(1)一般式:動(dòng)詞不定式一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,但在多數(shù)情況下,是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同時(shí));(2)完成式:動(dòng)詞不定式完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)進(jìn)行式:動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中,而且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

　　 7、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法:如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般就用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

　　 練習(xí)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(一)

　　 1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

　　 A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

　　 2. Paul said, Give me a chair _____.

　　 A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

　　 3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

　　 A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

　　 4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

　　 A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

　　 5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

　　 A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

　　 6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

　　 A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

　　 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

　　 A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

　　 C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

　　 8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

　　 A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

　　 9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

　　 A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

　　 10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

　　 A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

　　 1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD

　　非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞1

　　 動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞,過(guò)去分詞)和動(dòng)名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)將現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動(dòng)詞的形式不能在句中單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)用,因而沒有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)。但可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)。由于沒有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ),也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定,因?yàn)椴皇侵^語(yǔ),也就沒有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài),但這些詞仍能表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài),所以仍有表示與其他動(dòng)詞相對(duì)時(shí)間關(guān)系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,因此也有表示主、被動(dòng)的形式,同時(shí)也有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ),一起構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ),分詞短語(yǔ),動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式多樣,應(yīng)用廣泛,且在句中起著很活躍的作用,也是語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目中的重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn),學(xué)好非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,才能正確進(jìn)行口語(yǔ)和書面的交流。

　　 動(dòng)詞不定式、過(guò)去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語(yǔ)用,所以叫做非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。

　　 (一)動(dòng)詞不定式:

　　 動(dòng)詞不定式由to+ 動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,如:to study, to play,動(dòng)詞不定式雖然不能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用,但仍留著動(dòng)詞的特征,它可以帶有所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ),如:to study hard, to play table tennis。

　　 1、動(dòng)詞不定式的形式變化:動(dòng)詞不定式有下列時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式變化。

　　 語(yǔ)態(tài)式 一般式 完成式 進(jìn)行式 完成進(jìn)行式

　　 主 動(dòng) to build to have built to be building to have been building

　　 被 動(dòng) to be build to have been build

　　 2、動(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法:動(dòng)詞不定式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用,可在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)用,如:

　　 (1)作主語(yǔ):To help each other is good.(動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí),一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ),而將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末,如:It is good to help each other.

　　 (2)作表語(yǔ):My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動(dòng)詞不定式在系動(dòng)詞be之后作表語(yǔ),與表示將來(lái)時(shí)的be + 動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別,如:Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們的計(jì)劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。(句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為is,動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 為表語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)為plan,但plan并不是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)詞不定式 to set up所表示的動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)plan產(chǎn)生的。)We are to set up another middle school for the peasants' children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。(句中的are to set up整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)為we,同時(shí)也是動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ),即動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作是由we產(chǎn)生的)。

　　 (3)作賓語(yǔ):①作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ),如:She wishes to be a musician.;②作某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ):可以有動(dòng)詞不定式為賓語(yǔ)的形容詞一般有g(shù)lad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等,如:I am determined to give up smoking.;③動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ),但動(dòng)詞不定式之前如有疑問(wèn)詞時(shí),就可作介詞的賓語(yǔ),如:Can you give us some advice on what to do next?

　　 (4)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),如:Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等,作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式須將to省去,如:I saw a little girl run across the street.

　　 (5)動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ),如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),須先用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將該動(dòng)詞不定式后置,如:I don't think it right to do it that way.

　　 (6)作定語(yǔ):動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí),須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后,如:Is this the best way to help him? 和定語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)詞不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,不定式后面就要用必要的介詞,如:He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way,不定式后面的介詞,習(xí)慣上可以省去,如:The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.

　　 (7)作狀語(yǔ):動(dòng)詞不定式可以作下列的狀語(yǔ):①目的狀語(yǔ): Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用,可在不定式前加in order to或so as to(以便或?yàn)榱?,但應(yīng)注意in order to位于句首或句中均可,而so as to不能位于句首,如:She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首,也可強(qiáng)調(diào)目的的作用,如:To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. ②結(jié)果狀語(yǔ):They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。③too + 形容詞或副詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式,表示足能的結(jié)果,如:You are old enough to take care of yourself now.

　　 3、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式:由for + 名詞(或代詞賓格)+ 動(dòng)詞不定式即構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞不定式。其中for本身無(wú)意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),這種不定式在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),如:It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí),就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ),這些形容詞一般有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等,如:It is very kind of you to help him every day.

　　 4、疑問(wèn)詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式:疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ),在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),如:How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.

　　 5、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式:動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成,如:It's wrong of you not to attend the meeting.

　　 6、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系:(1)一般式:動(dòng)詞不定式一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,但在多數(shù)情況下,是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,如:We decided to plant more trees this spring.(其后),They often watch us play table tennis.(同時(shí));(2)完成式:動(dòng)詞不定式完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前,如:I am sorryto have kept you waiting.(3)進(jìn)行式:動(dòng)詞不定式進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中,而且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生,如:She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.

　　 7、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法:如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般就用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式,如:What is to be done next hasn't been decided yet.

　　 練習(xí)、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(一)

　　 1. ---- Can you ride a horse? ---- No, I never had the chance ____.

　　 A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how

　　 2. Paul said, Give me a chair _____.

　　 A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on

　　 3. I ran too fast ______ where I was going.

　　 A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice

　　 4. ---- Have you enjoyed your visit here? ---- Yes, I'll be very sorry______ .

　　 A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving

　　 5. ---- I'll help you whenever you need me. ---- Good. I'd like _____me tomorrow.

　　 A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help

　　 6. ---- I didn't hear you come in last night. ---- That's good. We tried_____ noisy.

　　 A. not be B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be

　　 7. Because of air pollution being greatly reduced, this city is still ______.

　　 A. a good place which to be lived in B. lived as a good place

　　 C. a good place to live in D. living in as a good place

　　 8. ---- Why was the official meeting called? ---- ______ new officers.

　　 A. Select B. Selecting C. To select D. For selecting

　　 9. ---- Where did he go? ---- He went to another store ______.

　　 A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils D. buying pencils

　　 10. ---- My baby has a heart trouble. ---- Did the doctor find it difficult ______ ?

　　 A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat

　　 1~5 DDACC 6~10 BCCAD