高考評分標準解讀

　　1. 詞匯的多樣性

　　眾所周之，英語中大多數單詞含有不止一種詞性，若我們將熟知熟用的詞性轉換成另一種詞性的形式來表達，就顯得多樣化了，就會給判卷老師耳目一新的感覺

　　It’s very helpful.

　　It helps a lot. / It is of great help.

　　2. 高級詞匯的使用

　　評分標準第五檔次的要求中提到，“語法結構或詞匯方面有些許錯誤，但為盡力使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯所致”。這里所說的“高級詞匯”，指的是大綱中有但課本中出現的頻率不高而實際中經常用到，或大綱中沒有列入或沒有識記要求，但在實際運用中卻出現比較頻繁的詞匯（包括短語），如make sense, cope with, make a difference, frustration, cute, awkward, pessimistic, traditionally, individual等，都可以算作是高級詞匯。考生若能恰當地運用此類詞匯，定會給判卷老師留下深刻印象。

　　Your efforts will be very important.

　　Your efforts will make a great difference.

　　He had to solve all the problems himself.

　　He had to cope with all the problems himself.

　　提示

　　生詞、長詞未必就是高級詞匯。用一些連判卷老師都不認識的詞，不會為你的文章帶來高分的。

　　3. 同義詞的使用

　　擅用同義詞是優秀作文的一大特點。在英語中，有些詞或詞組的使用頻率相當高，比如good, interesting, clever等，在表達時大家都很喜歡用，這樣很容易使文章落入俗套。但如果我們能夠恰當地使用他們相應的同義詞或同義詞組，就可以做到與眾不用，給平淡的文章增添亮色，給評卷者帶來清新的感覺。

　　more and more people→an increasing number of people

　　attractive→appealing / inviting / fascinating

　　It will be very interesting.→It will be a lot of fun.

　　He is a clever boy.→He is a bright / a smart / an intelligent boy.

　　so→therefore/because of this / in this way / for this reason

　　in fact→as a matter of fact / actually / in truth

　　want to do→intend to do / desire to do / be eager to do / be crazy about doing

　　cause→result in / lead to / bring about

　　You’d better …→You may as well… / You are supposed to …

　　I think→in my personal opinion / as far as I know / I have to say / personally

　　have a good time→have a lot of fun / enjoy oneself

　　4. 恰當利用短語取代單詞

　　單詞的合理運用是優秀作文的基本要素，要恰當地運用短語清楚、連貫地傳遞信息能增添句子的文彩，顯示出作者的功力。

　　Suddenly I had a good idea.→Suddenly I came up with a good idea. / A good idea came upon me./ All of a sudden a good idea occurred to me.

　　I tried hard to understand what was happening.→I tried hard to figure out what was going on.

　　He began to realize the importance of English study.→He came to be aware of the importance of English study.

　　He refused to listen to his father.→He turned a deaf ear to his father.

　　“較多的語法結構就是指句式結構的多樣性。毋庸置疑，單調的句式和結構、長度相近的句子會使文章變得單調‘缺乏生氣和活力，而靈活多變的句式則使行文豐富多彩，生動、自然、流暢。感嘆句、倒裝句、復合結構、強調句型、定語從句、非謂語動詞短語等語法結構的正確使用，可以使文章的語言充滿層次感，從而較好地反映出作者的語言運用能力。

　　1. 長短句變換：簡單句、并列句和復合句交替運用

　　(1) 復合句與并列句之間的轉換

　　If you study hard, you’ll make great progress.→Study hard, and you’ll make great progress.

　　I have to study harder, or I shall not catch up with my classmates.→I have to study harder and harder in order that I can catch up with my classmates.

　　If you don’t start off early, you’ll be late for the first bus.→Start off early or you’ll be late for the first bus.

　　(2) 并列句與簡單句之間的相互轉換

　　Tom is very young and he can’t go to school.→Tom is too young to go to school.

　　She wanted to meet her parents at the station, so she got up early.→She got up very early to meet her parents at the station.

　　The football match had to be delayed, for it was raining heavily.→The football match had to be delayed because of the heavy rain.

　　She wanted to become a college student, so she studied hard.→She studied hard so as to become a college student.

　　提示

　　（1）名詞性從句與非謂語動詞結構的轉化

　　That he had won the game delighted his parents.→His winning the game delighted his parents.

　　I have not decided whether I should accept it or not.→I have not decided whether or not to accept it.

　　（2）定語從句與非謂語動詞結構的轉化

　　The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

　　The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother’s.

　　（3）狀語從句與非謂語動詞結構的轉化

　　After he had done his homework, he began to play computer games.→Having done his homework, he began to play computer games.

　　Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice. = Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　2. 主動式和被動式的交替使用

　　Today, we use computers not only in our work but in our everyday life as well.→Today computers are widely used not only in our work but in our everyday life as well.

　　Some people believe that it will be possible for man to live on another planet in the future.→It is believed by some people that it will be possible for man to live on another planet in the future.

　　3. 肯定句和否定句的交替使用

　　I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.→I shall go there unless it rains.

　　I will try my best not to let them down.→I’ll try my best to live up to their expectations.

　　某些插入語或修飾成分既可用在句子前面也可用在后面，還可用在中間。

　　She sometimes comes late.→Sometimes she comes late.→She comes late sometimes.

　　In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication.

　　Therefore, measures should be taken to deal with this.=Measures, therefore, should be taken to deal with this.

　　5. 正常語序和倒裝語序的交替使用

　　My village lies east of the river.→East of the river lies my village.

　　We did not realize the importance of environmental protection until the 1980s.→Not until the 1980s did we realize the importance of environmental protection.

　　If I had worked hard at school, my life today would be quite different.→Had I worked hard at school, my life today would be quite different.

　　6. 強調句型等固定句型的合理運用

　　How is it that we can improve our English?

　　It won’t be long before all the forest are destroyed if this goes on.

　　It was my teacher who taught me how to be real man.

　　It is five years since he returned to his hometown.

　　1. 整體謀篇，合理布局

　　開頭部分（opening）說出文中要敘說的中心問題

　　正文部分（body）圍繞主題開展敘述或討論

　　結尾部分（conclusion）對全文進行總結和概括。

　　確定主題句

　　主題句是文章的主旨，它能起到“畫龍點睛”的作用。它通常出現在文章的開頭，而后，全文對主題就所提出的內容進行解釋、擴展。在確定主題句前，應首先根據寫作要求，列出你要寫的文章的要點，然后從中提煉出一句具有概括性的話，即文章的主題句。主題句應力求句子完整、語法正確，具有吸引力和可讀性。

　　拓展主題句，注意連貫與流暢

　　主題句僅僅是文章的主旨和大意，要使文章變得有血有肉就要展開主題句，并考慮如何組織安排語句，用一些銜接手段使句子與句子、語段與語段之間建立起各種各樣的語意關系，并使整個語篇在意義上具有連貫性。銜接手段主要包括使用過渡詞銜接、巧用詞匯和語法等幾個方面。其中，正確使用過渡詞或過渡句是最常用的手段，它能使文章結構嚴謹、自然流暢、富有節奏。

　　表示添加信息的過渡詞語，常見的有：also, besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more, what’s worse, worse still, similarly

　　表示轉折關系的過渡詞有：but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, though, while, still, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand

　　表示因果關系的常用過渡詞有：so, for therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, now that, since, consequently as a consequence, thus

　　（4）表示解釋、說明關系的常用過渡詞有：as a matter of fact, in fact, surprisingly, such as, for exampleinstance, that is, that is to say, in other words, to tell you the truth, according to, after all

　　表示條件關系的常用銜接詞有：as/so long as, on condition that, if, unless, suppose, supposing

　　表示強調的常用的銜接詞有：above all, first of all, indeed, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, especially, in particular

　　表示時間順序關系的銜接詞有：after, afterwards, after that, after a while, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, not… until, in the end, eventually

　　表示空間順序關系的常用的銜接詞有：on the right/left, on the side of , at the end of, on the other side of, in the middle of/center /back/front of, next to , above, below, beyond, nearby

　　文末結論，首位呼應

　　文章的結尾常用來概括全文內容，進一步強調或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表述得更加明析、深刻，也使文章首尾呼應、結構完整、連貫自然。用于結論段的常用語有：All in all / In a word / In conclusion / To conclude / To sum up總而言之In my personal opinion…(在我自己看來In brief(簡言之Obviously…(顯然

　　評分標準中對考生所要求的語言得體性，就是要求考生在表達時應根據說話的對象、時間、地點、場合等選擇使用恰當的英語語言，尤其是不同體裁和題材的文章對用語方面有著不同的要求。比如：在口頭同種中使用“Attention, please.” “May I have your attentionplease?” I will tell you a piece of good news.”但在書面通知中此類句子就不得體。又如，在議論文中我們常用Therefore, we can safely draw a conclusion that …但是，要是在日記中貿然使用該句型，則會使文章不倫不類、很不自然

　　在高考評分基本要求中談到，“內容要點可用不同方式表達，對緊扣主題的適當發揮不予扣分。”所謂緊扣主題的適當發揮，就是指圍繞所給情景，在合乎情理、合乎規范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要點中沒有提及的信息。請看全國卷I高考作文的范文：

　　Mrs Wilson,

　　I’m going shopping, and won’t be back until about 5:00 pm. I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library. At about 1 o’clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to. She felt very sorry about that, but said that you could set some other time for the meeting. She wanted you to call her back as soon as you are home. She has already told Sudan about this change.

　　本文黑體部分均為作者適當發揮的地方，都是對所區給信息的稍加擴展。這些內容的添加，使得文章的句子結構更加復雜，文章內容更加鳳副然而， 信息的添加必須緊扣主題，不能信馬由韁、旁逸斜出，否則會增加一些出錯的幾率，效果將會適得其反，降低得分檔次。

　　高考評分標準解讀

　　1. 詞匯的多樣性

　　眾所周之，英語中大多數單詞含有不止一種詞性，若我們將熟知熟用的詞性轉換成另一種詞性的形式來表達，就顯得多樣化了，就會給判卷老師耳目一新的感覺

　　It’s very helpful.

　　It helps a lot. / It is of great help.

　　2. 高級詞匯的使用

　　評分標準第五檔次的要求中提到，“語法結構或詞匯方面有些許錯誤，但為盡力使用較復雜結構或較高級詞匯所致”。這里所說的“高級詞匯”，指的是大綱中有但課本中出現的頻率不高而實際中經常用到，或大綱中沒有列入或沒有識記要求，但在實際運用中卻出現比較頻繁的詞匯（包括短語），如make sense, cope with, make a difference, frustration, cute, awkward, pessimistic, traditionally, individual等，都可以算作是高級詞匯。考生若能恰當地運用此類詞匯，定會給判卷老師留下深刻印象。

　　Your efforts will be very important.

　　Your efforts will make a great difference.

　　He had to solve all the problems himself.

　　He had to cope with all the problems himself.

　　提示

　　生詞、長詞未必就是高級詞匯。用一些連判卷老師都不認識的詞，不會為你的文章帶來高分的。

　　3. 同義詞的使用

　　擅用同義詞是優秀作文的一大特點。在英語中，有些詞或詞組的使用頻率相當高，比如good, interesting, clever等，在表達時大家都很喜歡用，這樣很容易使文章落入俗套。但如果我們能夠恰當地使用他們相應的同義詞或同義詞組，就可以做到與眾不用，給平淡的文章增添亮色，給評卷者帶來清新的感覺。

　　more and more people→an increasing number of people

　　attractive→appealing / inviting / fascinating

　　It will be very interesting.→It will be a lot of fun.

　　He is a clever boy.→He is a bright / a smart / an intelligent boy.

　　so→therefore/because of this / in this way / for this reason

　　in fact→as a matter of fact / actually / in truth

　　want to do→intend to do / desire to do / be eager to do / be crazy about doing

　　cause→result in / lead to / bring about

　　You’d better …→You may as well… / You are supposed to …

　　I think→in my personal opinion / as far as I know / I have to say / personally

　　have a good time→have a lot of fun / enjoy oneself

　　4. 恰當利用短語取代單詞

　　單詞的合理運用是優秀作文的基本要素，要恰當地運用短語清楚、連貫地傳遞信息能增添句子的文彩，顯示出作者的功力。

　　Suddenly I had a good idea.→Suddenly I came up with a good idea. / A good idea came upon me./ All of a sudden a good idea occurred to me.

　　I tried hard to understand what was happening.→I tried hard to figure out what was going on.

　　He began to realize the importance of English study.→He came to be aware of the importance of English study.

　　He refused to listen to his father.→He turned a deaf ear to his father.

　　“較多的語法結構就是指句式結構的多樣性。毋庸置疑，單調的句式和結構、長度相近的句子會使文章變得單調‘缺乏生氣和活力，而靈活多變的句式則使行文豐富多彩，生動、自然、流暢。感嘆句、倒裝句、復合結構、強調句型、定語從句、非謂語動詞短語等語法結構的正確使用，可以使文章的語言充滿層次感，從而較好地反映出作者的語言運用能力。

　　1. 長短句變換：簡單句、并列句和復合句交替運用

　　(1) 復合句與并列句之間的轉換

　　If you study hard, you’ll make great progress.→Study hard, and you’ll make great progress.

　　I have to study harder, or I shall not catch up with my classmates.→I have to study harder and harder in order that I can catch up with my classmates.

　　If you don’t start off early, you’ll be late for the first bus.→Start off early or you’ll be late for the first bus.

　　(2) 并列句與簡單句之間的相互轉換

　　Tom is very young and he can’t go to school.→Tom is too young to go to school.

　　She wanted to meet her parents at the station, so she got up early.→She got up very early to meet her parents at the station.

　　The football match had to be delayed, for it was raining heavily.→The football match had to be delayed because of the heavy rain.

　　She wanted to become a college student, so she studied hard.→She studied hard so as to become a college student.

　　提示

　　（1）名詞性從句與非謂語動詞結構的轉化

　　That he had won the game delighted his parents.→His winning the game delighted his parents.

　　I have not decided whether I should accept it or not.→I have not decided whether or not to accept it.

　　（2）定語從句與非謂語動詞結構的轉化

　　The man (who is) standing at the gate is my English teacher.

　　The car (that was) repaired yesterday by him is my mother’s.

　　（3）狀語從句與非謂語動詞結構的轉化

　　After he had done his homework, he began to play computer games.→Having done his homework, he began to play computer games.

　　Because I do not know what to do next, I want to ask for your advice. = Not knowing what to do next, I want to ask for your advice.

　　2. 主動式和被動式的交替使用

　　Today, we use computers not only in our work but in our everyday life as well.→Today computers are widely used not only in our work but in our everyday life as well.

　　Some people believe that it will be possible for man to live on another planet in the future.→It is believed by some people that it will be possible for man to live on another planet in the future.

　　3. 肯定句和否定句的交替使用

　　I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.→I shall go there unless it rains.

　　I will try my best not to let them down.→I’ll try my best to live up to their expectations.

　　某些插入語或修飾成分既可用在句子前面也可用在后面，還可用在中間。

　　She sometimes comes late.→Sometimes she comes late.→She comes late sometimes.

　　In fact, speaking is one of the most important means of communication.

　　Therefore, measures should be taken to deal with this.=Measures, therefore, should be taken to deal with this.

　　5. 正常語序和倒裝語序的交替使用

　　My village lies east of the river.→East of the river lies my village.

　　We did not realize the importance of environmental protection until the 1980s.→Not until the 1980s did we realize the importance of environmental protection.

　　If I had worked hard at school, my life today would be quite different.→Had I worked hard at school, my life today would be quite different.

　　6. 強調句型等固定句型的合理運用

　　How is it that we can improve our English?

　　It won’t be long before all the forest are destroyed if this goes on.

　　It was my teacher who taught me how to be real man.

　　It is five years since he returned to his hometown.

　　1. 整體謀篇，合理布局

　　開頭部分（opening）說出文中要敘說的中心問題

　　正文部分（body）圍繞主題開展敘述或討論

　　結尾部分（conclusion）對全文進行總結和概括。

　　確定主題句

　　主題句是文章的主旨，它能起到“畫龍點睛”的作用。它通常出現在文章的開頭，而后，全文對主題就所提出的內容進行解釋、擴展。在確定主題句前，應首先根據寫作要求，列出你要寫的文章的要點，然后從中提煉出一句具有概括性的話，即文章的主題句。主題句應力求句子完整、語法正確，具有吸引力和可讀性。

　　拓展主題句，注意連貫與流暢

　　主題句僅僅是文章的主旨和大意，要使文章變得有血有肉就要展開主題句，并考慮如何組織安排語句，用一些銜接手段使句子與句子、語段與語段之間建立起各種各樣的語意關系，并使整個語篇在意義上具有連貫性。銜接手段主要包括使用過渡詞銜接、巧用詞匯和語法等幾個方面。其中，正確使用過渡詞或過渡句是最常用的手段，它能使文章結構嚴謹、自然流暢、富有節奏。

　　表示添加信息的過渡詞語，常見的有：also, besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more, what’s worse, worse still, similarly

　　表示轉折關系的過渡詞有：but, yet, however, nevertheless, in spite of, although, though, while, still, otherwise, on the contrary, on the other hand

　　表示因果關系的常用過渡詞有：so, for therefore, as a result, because, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, now that, since, consequently as a consequence, thus

　　（4）表示解釋、說明關系的常用過渡詞有：as a matter of fact, in fact, surprisingly, such as, for exampleinstance, that is, that is to say, in other words, to tell you the truth, according to, after all

　　表示條件關系的常用銜接詞有：as/so long as, on condition that, if, unless, suppose, supposing

　　表示強調的常用的銜接詞有：above all, first of all, indeed, surely, certainly, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously, especially, in particular

　　表示時間順序關系的銜接詞有：after, afterwards, after that, after a while, at first, in the beginning, to begin with, later, next, finally, all of a sudden, at that moment, as soon as, from now on, from then on, meanwhile, not… until, in the end, eventually

　　表示空間順序關系的常用的銜接詞有：on the right/left, on the side of , at the end of, on the other side of, in the middle of/center /back/front of, next to , above, below, beyond, nearby

　　文末結論，首位呼應

　　文章的結尾常用來概括全文內容，進一步強調或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章意義表述得更加明析、深刻，也使文章首尾呼應、結構完整、連貫自然。用于結論段的常用語有：All in all / In a word / In conclusion / To conclude / To sum up總而言之In my personal opinion…(在我自己看來In brief(簡言之Obviously…(顯然

　　評分標準中對考生所要求的語言得體性，就是要求考生在表達時應根據說話的對象、時間、地點、場合等選擇使用恰當的英語語言，尤其是不同體裁和題材的文章對用語方面有著不同的要求。比如：在口頭同種中使用“Attention, please.” “May I have your attentionplease?” I will tell you a piece of good news.”但在書面通知中此類句子就不得體。又如，在議論文中我們常用Therefore, we can safely draw a conclusion that …但是，要是在日記中貿然使用該句型，則會使文章不倫不類、很不自然

　　在高考評分基本要求中談到，“內容要點可用不同方式表達，對緊扣主題的適當發揮不予扣分。”所謂緊扣主題的適當發揮，就是指圍繞所給情景，在合乎情理、合乎規范、力所能及的前提下添加一些要點中沒有提及的信息。請看全國卷I高考作文的范文：

　　Mrs Wilson,

　　I’m going shopping, and won’t be back until about 5:00 pm. I have taken with me the two books you asked me to return to the City Library. At about 1 o’clock this afternoon, Tracy called, saying that she couldn’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning as she has something important to attend to. She felt very sorry about that, but said that you could set some other time for the meeting. She wanted you to call her back as soon as you are home. She has already told Sudan about this change.

　　本文黑體部分均為作者適當發揮的地方，都是對所區給信息的稍加擴展。這些內容的添加，使得文章的句子結構更加復雜，文章內容更加鳳副然而， 信息的添加必須緊扣主題，不能信馬由韁、旁逸斜出，否則會增加一些出錯的幾率，效果將會適得其反，降低得分檔次。