* * * * “So＋助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞＋主語”表示上述肯定情況也適用于該主語。 ◆I was at the Center School last year. So was my friend Bob. 去年我在中心學校，我朋友鮑勃也是。 ◆I have seen the film twice. So has my elder sister. 這部電影我已看過兩遍，我姐姐也是。 2、Walking and riding your bike count, and so do school sports. 行走和騎自行車就算，在學校里進行的體育活動也算。 其他類似結構還有： (1)“Neither/Nor＋助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞＋主語”表示上述否定情況也適用于該句主語。 ◆He can't speak Japanese. Neither/Nor can I. 他不會說日語，我也不會。 (2)“It is the same with＋名詞/代詞賓格”或“So it is with＋名詞/代詞賓格”，表示上述綜合的情況(肯定和否定的混合或沒有統一的助動詞)也適用于該主語。 ◆Tom is a good student and he does well in his studies. It is the same with/So it is with John. 湯姆是個好學生，他學習很好。約翰也是如此。

　　(3)“So＋主語＋助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞”表示對上述情況的贊同或證實，前后主語一致。 ◆— Tom does speak Japanese well. ——湯姆日語的確說得很好。 — So he does and so do you. ——他確實如此，你也是一樣。 (4)“主語＋動詞＋so”表示做了前文所述的事情。 ◆He asked me to stay at home and I did so. 他讓我待在家里，我照做了。 ①— David has made great progress recently.

　　— ______， and ______.

　　A. So he has; so you have

　　B. So he has; so have you

　　C. So has he; so have you

　　D. So has he; so you have ①B　使用so he has表達對上句話的贊同，意思是“他的確取得了很大進步”，而so have you意思是“你也一樣”，是指上述情況同樣適用于你。 ②______ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere. A. So successful her business was B. So successful was her business C. So her business was successful D. So was her successful business ②B　句意：瑪麗的生意如此成功，以至于她在別的地方建立了新的分店。這是so…that…句型的倒裝結構，so后有形容詞或副詞且位于句首時，句子應該用部分倒裝形式。如：So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him. ③

　　If Joe's wife won't go to the party, ______.

　　A. he will either

　　B. neither will he

　　C. he neither will

　　D. either he will ③B　“neither / nor＋助動詞/系動詞/情態動詞＋主語”表示上述否定情況也適用于該句主語。句意：如果喬的妻子不去參加晚會，他也不會去。 C fail 失敗，表現欠佳，衰退，用完；

　　disappear消失； fall 掉下；damage

　　損害，毀壞。 1. William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to ______.(2011·全國新課標)

　　A. disappear

　　B. fall

　　C. fail

　　D. damage 2. B　speed up the flow of traffic 加快交通流量。 2. They are broadening the bridge to ______ the flow of traffic.(2011·山東)

　　A. put off

　　B. speed up

　　C. turn on

　　D. work out

　　3. C　run out 用盡，用光； break out 爆發； work out 計算出；理解；(事情)進展； put out 撲滅；出版。 3. You can't predict everything. Often things don't _____ as you expect.(2011·江西)

　　A. run out

　　B. break out

　　C. work out

　　D. put out 介詞

　　介詞是一種虛詞，在句中不能單獨作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的其他詞類作它的賓語。由一個單詞構成的介詞，叫做簡單介詞。由兩個或兩個以上單詞構成的介詞，叫做復雜介詞。由兩個介詞構成的介詞，叫做雙重介詞。介詞短語/詞組在句中作定語、表語、狀語、(主/賓)補語或獨立成分。 一、表示原因的介詞主要有 1．for，用于常見結構：thank sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　praise sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　reward sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　scold sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　punish sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　criticize sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　apologize to sb.

　　for (doing) sth.

　　charge sb. some money for (doing) sth.

　　2．of/from, 用于常見結構： die of; die from; be tired of; be tired from; suffer from

　　3．with, 用于常見結構：be pleased with; be bored with; be satisfied with; be angry with; …with anger; …with cold 4．because of，同義表達有：on account of; as a result of; due to; owing to; thanks to 5. out of，接抽象名詞，有“出于……”之意。 二、表示方式的介詞有 1．by常接交通工具、通訊工具等，此時名詞用單數且其前無修飾詞。如：by plane，by bus, by radio, by telephone, by hand等。 2．in后接抽象名詞，通常表“用……語言”，“用……顏色”等，如：in English, in blue。

　　3．with常接表達具體工具的詞，如： with a pen, with a hammer有時也可接語言，如：with your own words(用你自己的話)。表示用何種字體時，書寫工具名詞用單數且其前無修飾詞。 4．on表“憑借、依靠”，又如：live on grass (靠草為生)。on 表特殊行走，交通方式，僅限于on foot, on tiptoe, on horseback(騎馬)等用法中。 5. by means of 表“以何種方式”。 6. through 強調“經歷、經過”。

　　三、分清介詞to與不定式符號to。常見的含介詞to的短語有 be/get/become used to 習慣于…… be related to 和……有聯系 be addicted to 沉溺于……；對……上癮 be opposed to 反對 devote oneself to/be devoted to 獻身于 be admitted to 被……錄取， 準進入 be attached to 附屬于，愛慕，愛戀，敬仰 adjust oneself 使……適應 get/be adjusted to 適應 adjust to 適應 be adapted to 適應

　　adapt oneself to 適應 be known to 為……所知 be married to 和……結婚 be sentenced to 被判處…… be connected to 和……連在一起 be exposed to 暴露于/遭受/接觸 be compared to 被比喻成 compare…to… 把……比成…… be/become /get accustomed to 習慣于，有……習慣 accustom oneself to 使習慣于 be engaged to 和……訂婚 get down to 著手做 lead to 導致 object to 反對 put one's mind to 全神貫注于 look forward to 盼望 pay attention to 注意 stick to 堅持 attend to 處理，照料 see to 負責 contribute to 對……作貢獻 make contributions to 對……作貢獻 apply oneself to 致力于 come close to 幾乎，將近 reply to 回答 add to 增加 add up to 加起來 in addition to 除……之外(還) turn to 轉向，求助于 look up to 向上看，尊敬…… belong to 屬于 take to 喜愛，開始 respond to 回答 四、介詞的賓語有 1．名詞(短語)如：like a church mouse。 2．代詞如：take pride in himself。 3．動名詞(短語) 如：be good at telling stories。 4．過去分詞如：as told。 5．從句如：be satisfied with what she said。 6．不定式如：have no choice but to wait。 7. “疑問副詞 ＋不定式”結構如：advice on how to do it。 8. 副詞如：from above。 10. 介詞短語如：from across the street。 11．形容詞如：far from true。 12．關系代詞which作介詞如：the speed limit beyond which drivers shall be fined。 注意：只有特定句型才能用過去分詞、不定式、副詞、介詞短語作介詞賓語，當從句作介詞賓語時不能為that引導的從句，除but that, except that, in that之外。

　　1．記住下面的介詞的常規用法。 ①四季，早、午、晚要用in。at黎明、午、夜、點與分。in＋年、月、年月、季節、周，即在“某年”，在“某月”，在“某年某月”(但在某年某月某日則用on)等。 ②介詞at和to都可以表示方向； 用at表示方向時，側重于攻擊的目標，往往表示惡意；用to表示方向時，突出運動的位置或動作的對象，側重表示善意。 ③表示著火，罷工，偷偷地，出差、辦公事；休假，準時用on。 ④在山腳下、在門口、在目前、速度、以……速率、溫度、在日落時、在……核心要用at。 2．牢記下列常考含介詞的短語。 at a time 一次，每次 at one time 曾經 at any time 在任何時候 at times 時常 at the same time 同時 at the end of 在……的盡頭 at present 目前 at first sight 乍一看 according to 依據、根據 as a result of 作為……的結果 as a result 因此，結果 as a rule 通常、慣例 by the way 順便說 by far ……的多 because of 因為 in spite of 盡管 in the way 擋路 in a way 從某種程度上說 in the end 最后 in secret 秘密地 in person 親自地 in place of 代替、取代 in public 公開地 in return for 作為……的回報 in the long run 長期地 in sight 可看到的 in terms of 根據 on sale 有售 on a large scale 大規模地? on second thoughts 又一想、轉念一想 so far 到目前為止 out of sight 看不到的 such as 例如 1. ________ the railways put on special trains.

　　A. In holiday

　　B. On holiday

　　C. In holidays

　　D. On holidays

　　D　大家知道，on holiday是習語，意為“在休假”，該短語通常用介詞 on 而不用 in，且其中的holiday 通常不用復數，且其中也不用冠詞，但有時可用物主代詞 (此時可用復數，即 on one‘s holidays)。基于此認識，許多同學便選了B。其實此題最佳答案為D，on holiday 指“休假”或“度假”，on holidays 指“節假日”或“公共假日時”，即指諸如元旦、國慶等放假日。 2. ________ your students against or for the plan made by the teacher?

　　A. Do

　　B. Can

　　C. Are

　　D. Did C　此題正確答案是C，但很容易誤選A，主要是沒有意識到其后的 against 是介詞，而不是動詞。 注意：有些介詞、形容詞、副詞等，具有動作意味，不要將其誤認為是動詞。 3. She looks forward every spring to ________ the flower-lined garden.

　　A. visit

　　B. paying a visit

　　C. walk in

　　D. walking in

　　D　此題考查的關鍵是短語 look forward to (盼望)，其中的 to 是介詞，不是不定式符號。由于句中插入了 every spring 這一狀語，使得 look forward 與介詞 to 分離，從而使許多考生誤選。有了以上分析，我們知道，空格前的 to 是介詞，所以后接動詞用動名詞，所以應選B或D，由于 pay a visit 后不能帶賓語(比較：pay a visit to 后可帶賓語)，所以只能選D。 The doctor advised him to stop taking that medicine, which had side effects.

　　醫生建議他停止服用那種藥，它有副作用。 _____________________________________ _____________________ 10、 risk

　　n. & vt. 冒險 risk doing sth. 冒險做某事(＝ take the risk of doing sth.) ◆Smoking can increase the risk of developing heart disease.

　　吸煙會增加得心臟病的危險。 ◆If they stayed there, they risked death.

　　如果他們呆在那兒不動，就會面臨死亡的危險。 ◆The brave soldier risked his life in saving the child.

　　那位勇敢的士兵冒著生命危險救那孩子。 They would not allow him ________ across the line.

　　A. to risk going

　　B. risking going

　　C. for risk to go

　　D. risk going A　allow sb. to do sth.允許某人做某事。risk doing sth. 冒險做某事。 11、 suggestion

　　n. 建議

　　follow one's suggestion 遵從某人的建議

　　make/offer/put forward a suggestion 提出建議

　　suggestion的同位語從句或表語從句要用虛擬語氣；從句動詞為(should)＋動詞原形。 ◆At your suggestion, I bought the more expensive model.

　　遵照你的建議，我買了較貴的這種型號。 ◆You should follow the suggestion that your teacher has put forward for you.

　　你應該遵從老師向你提出的建議。 ◆My suggestion is that we should all share the cost.

　　我的建議是我們所有的人都應該分攤費用。

　　Her suggestion is reasonable that everyone ________ an umbrella in case of rain.

　　A. takes

　　B. will take

　　C. would take

　　D. take D　同位語從句中用虛擬語氣結構，其謂語動詞用(should)＋動詞原形。 12、 attractive adj. 吸引人的；有魅力的 ◆Attractive wrapping would help us sell the goods.

　　吸引人的包裝便于我們推銷商品。 ◆I am not shy about talking to men whom I find attractive.

　　對于我認為有魅力的男人我從來不羞于開口談話。 attract

　　vt.

　　吸引； 引誘 ◆Her beauty attracted people. 她的美貌引人注目。 ◆Her manners were intended to attract. 她的舉止旨在引人注目。

　　People are more ________ to spend money on goods with an attractive look than those without.

　　A. attracted

　　B. tempted

　　C. persuaded

　　D. tended

　　B　be tempted to do sth. 被引誘做某事，傾向于做某事，想要做某事。　 13、

　　equipment

　　n. 設備， 裝備； 器材 ◆The complete equipment of the new hospital will take a year.

　　新醫院的全部設備需要一年才能裝備好。 ◆I tried to fix the equipment but I failed.

　　我想把機器修理好，但是失敗了。 equip vt. 裝備，配備；使勝任；使適合于

　　equip…with… 用……裝備；使具備；為……準備 ◆They can't afford to equip their army. 他們無力裝備自己的軍隊。 ◆Her training equipped her to cope with the new job. 她所受的訓練使她有能力去對付這項新的工作。 ◆We should equip our child with a good education. 我們應使我們的孩子受到良好教育。

　　________ himself with necessary knowledge and skills, the young man went to the job market with much confidence.

　　A. Equipped

　　B. Equipping

　　C. Having equipped

　　D. Being equipped C　句意：在有了必要的知識和技能后，年輕人才自信滿滿地去人才市場找活干。 14、 comfort

　　n. 安慰；舒適；安慰者 vt. 安慰 ◆They love nice things and like to live in comfort.

　　他們喜歡美好的東西，喜歡過舒適的生活。 ◆We can see people huddled together to comfort each other in their last hours of life.

　　我們可以看到人們緊緊地擁抱在一起，在生命的最后時刻相互安慰。

　　Her mother's words of love and help ________ the sobbing child.

　　A. comforted

　　B. encouraged

　　C. excited

　　D. eased A 1、 work out

　　鍛煉；計算出，解答出(問題)；制定 ◆Do you often work out?

　　你經常鍛煉嗎？

　　◆She works out every morning in order to keep fit.

　　為保持健康她每天早上都鍛煉。 ◆She worked out the maths problem and the teacher praised her.

　　她解答出了那道數學題，老師表揚了她。 ◆He has worked out a good plan.

　　他已制定出一個好計劃。

　　The professor ________ his paper last night, but I don't know how it ________. A. was working; worked on B. was working on; worked out C. was working for; worked at D. was working on; worked for B　work on sth. 忙于……工作；work out 產生結果。 2、 in the long term

　　從長遠的角度來看

　　◆This is a right choice in the long term.

　　從長遠來看，這是個正確的選擇。 ◆He will become a successful singer in the long term.

　　從長遠來看，他會成為一個成功的歌手。 　in terms of從……方面，從……方面來說 　in sb.'s terms在某人看來，根據某人的觀點 　in the short time從短期而言 　in the medium term從中期而言 I don't doubt that our effort will work ________ the long term.

　　A. for

　　B. at

　　C. on

　　D. in D　in the long term 從長遠的角度來看。 3、 concentrate on/upon sth.