Germs on Banknotes

　　People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.

　　Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.

　　Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .

　　Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.

　　Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.

　　What we call paper money usually isnt made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.

　　The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.

　　The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.

　　Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money s been. Or whats living on it

　　詞匯：

　　pesos/pi:s?vs/ n .比索 bacterium /k?kti?ri?m/ n .細菌(單數)

　　germ/d??:m/ n.病菌 bacteria /b?kti?ri?/細菌(復數)

　　banknote/b??kn?vt/ n.紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:t?。/ n.厘米

　　microbiologist /,maikr?v,bai?l?d?ist/n.微生 polymer/p?lim? / n. [高分子」聚合物

　　物學家 harbor/ha:b?/ v.懷有，藏有

　　vendor/vend?I/n.小販

　　注釋：

　　1.have one thing in common ：有一個共同點

　　2. well over ：大大超過

　　3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學的食品微生物學家，他率領一個全球研究小組對至少10個國家的紙幣展開了分析。他的研究結果是：相對于比較落后貧窮的國家，富裕發達國家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數量都沒有達到令人擔心的程度。研究還發現紙幣使用的年限和材質對紙幣的污染程度也有影響。

　　4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。

　　5. after all：畢竟

　　練習:

　　1. A coins B money C cheques D loans

　　2. A different B clean C hard D foreign

　　3. A anniversary B year C decade D century

　　4. A along B with C within D outside

　　5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces

　　6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed

　　7. A because B though C when D where

　　8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper

　　9. A languages B colors C substances D materials

　　10. A family B team C advisor D boss

　　11. A expenses B banks C statements D currencies

　　12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely

　　13. A dirt B water C germs D oil

　　14. A compare B connect C conduct D command

　　15. A arms B hands C face D clothes

　　答案與題解:

　　1.B 冒號后面說的是各國使用錢幣的名稱:yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Aus往alia and New Zealand ，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢幣有關，而且應該是錢幣的總括詞。因此選 money 最為恰當。coins 是硬幣，cheques 是支票 ，loans是貸款，它們都不會是答案。

　　2.A 本題的句子說的是:雖然各國使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個共同點，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個選項中 different 是答案。

　　3.D 選century 最合理。選 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合邏輯。

　　4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學家的研究不同，他比較了各國錢幣上的病菌數量， 在他之前的科學家的研究范圍局限于一個國家的紙幣。四個選項中只有 within 表達在(一個國家)里的意思。

　　5. A 經過第四題選詞的思索過程，本題的形容詞很自然會在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的國家。

　　6. C 上一句說 Vriesekoop 比較不同國家紙幣攜帶病菌的數量。本題的句子明確指出他對比 的紙幣涉及十個國家。四個選項中只有 gathered (收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。

　　7. A 填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關系。為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣

　　呢?因為這些地方常要用現金支付。本題答案是 because。

　　8. C fabric 是織物，其制作原料不會是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡膠)。選 paper 也不對， 因為本句是說明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，這是合

　　乎常理的。而且該段倒數第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。

　　9.D 本段說紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇

　　materials( 材料、原料)是正確的。

　　10. B 本題應當選 team。與 family (家庭成員)，advisor (顧問)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 沒有可能，但總有些離譜。與團隊合作研究比較合理。

　　11. D 本段第二句提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealand

　　dollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是最合理的。另外三個選項都不合適; expenses

　　是支出，banks 是銀行 ，statements 是賬單。

　　12. B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。

　　13. C 前一句說用高分子聚合物制作的錢幣含菌數量較少。本題的句子接著分析說，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰存活較難?當然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是

　　非生物，不存在生存的問題。

　　14.A 四個選項填入句子后，句子成了： compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills, 很明顯;connect (連接)/conduct (實

　　施)/command(控制)amounts of time是無法成立的。只有compare(比較)不同紙幣上病菌存活的時間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。

　　15. B人們通常是用手接觸紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。

　　Germs on Banknotes

　　People in different countries use different types of 1 yuan in China, pesos in Mexico, pounds in the United Kingdom, dollars in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. They may use 2 currencies, but these countries, and probably all countries, still have one thing in common1: Germs on the banknotes.

　　Scientists have been studying the germs on money for well over2 100 years. At the turn of the 20th 3 , some researchers began to suspect that germs living on money could spread disease.

　　Most studies of germy money have looked at the germs on the currency 4 one country. In a new study, Frank Vriesekoop3 and other researchers compared the germ populations found on bills of different 5 .

　　Vriesekoop3 is a microbiologist at the University of Ballarat in Australia4. He led the study, which compared the germ populations found on money 6 from 10 nations. The scientists studied 1,280 banknotes in total; all came from places where people buy food, like supermarkets street vendors and cafes, 7 those businesses often rely on cash.

　　Overall, the Australian dollars hosted the fewest live bacteria ---- no more than 10 per square centimeter. Chinese yuan had the most ---- about 100 per square centimeter. Most of the germs on money probably would not cause harm.

　　What we call paper money usually isnt made from paper. The U. S. dollar, for example, is printed on fabric that is mostly 8 .Different countries may use different 9 to print their money. Some of the currencies studied by Vriesekoop and his 10 such as the American dollar were made from cotton. Others were made from polymers.

　　The three 11 with the lowest numbers of bacteria were all printed on polymers. They included the Australian dollar, the New Zealand dollar and some Mexican pesos.

　　The other currencies were printed on fabric made 12 of cotton. Fewer germs lived on the polymer notes. This connection suggests that 13 have a harder time staying alive on polymer surfaces. Scientists need to do more studies to understand how germs live on money-----and whether or not we need to be concerned. Vnesekoop is now starting a study that will 14 the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills.

　　Whatever Vriesekoop finds, the fact remains: Paper money harbors germs We should wash our 15 after touching it; after all5, you never know where your money s been. Or whats living on it

　　詞匯：

　　pesos/pi:s?vs/ n .比索 bacterium /k?kti?ri?m/ n .細菌(單數)

　　germ/d??:m/ n.病菌 bacteria /b?kti?ri?/細菌(復數)

　　banknote/b??kn?vt/ n.紙幣 centimeter/senti,mi:t?。/ n.厘米

　　microbiologist /,maikr?v,bai?l?d?ist/n.微生 polymer/p?lim? / n. [高分子」聚合物

　　物學家 harbor/ha:b?/ v.懷有，藏有

　　vendor/vend?I/n.小販

　　注釋：

　　1.have one thing in common ：有一個共同點

　　2. well over ：大大超過

　　3. Frank Vriesekoop : Frank Vriesekoop 博士是巴拉瑞特大學的食品微生物學家，他率領一個全球研究小組對至少10個國家的紙幣展開了分析。他的研究結果是：相對于比較落后貧窮的國家，富裕發達國家的紙幣所攜帶的病菌較少。重要的是，世界各地紙幣上的病菌數量都沒有達到令人擔心的程度。研究還發現紙幣使用的年限和材質對紙幣的污染程度也有影響。

　　4. University of Ballarat in Australia：澳大利亞巴拉瑞特大學。該校建立于1994年，位于維多利亞省的巴拉瑞特市。

　　5. after all：畢竟

　　練習:

　　1. A coins B money C cheques D loans

　　2. A different B clean C hard D foreign

　　3. A anniversary B year C decade D century

　　4. A along B with C within D outside

　　5. A countries B areas C regions D provinces

　　6. A delivered B borrowed C gathered D designed

　　7. A because B though C when D where

　　8. A plastic B rubber C cotton D paper

　　9. A languages B colors C substances D materials

　　10. A family B team C advisor D boss

　　11. A expenses B banks C statements D currencies

　　12. A nearly B mostly C likely D merely

　　13. A dirt B water C germs D oil

　　14. A compare B connect C conduct D command

　　15. A arms B hands C face D clothes

　　答案與題解:

　　1.B 冒號后面說的是各國使用錢幣的名稱:yuan in China ，pesos in Mexico，pounds in the United Kingdom，dollars in the United States，Aus往alia and New Zealand ，所以填人的詞必 定與這些錢幣有關，而且應該是錢幣的總括詞。因此選 money 最為恰當。coins 是硬幣，cheques 是支票 ，loans是貸款，它們都不會是答案。

　　2.A 本題的句子說的是:雖然各國使用的紙幣各不相同，它們有一個共同點，那就是紙幣上 有病菌。四個選項中 different 是答案。

　　3.D 選century 最合理。選 anniversary (周年)，year (年)或decade都不合邏輯。

　　4.C 本段第二句提供了解答本題的線索。Frank Vriesekoop 的研究與以前的科學家的研究不同，他比較了各國錢幣上的病菌數量， 在他之前的科學家的研究范圍局限于一個國家的紙幣。四個選項中只有 within 表達在(一個國家)里的意思。

　　5. A 經過第四題選詞的思索過程，本題的形容詞很自然會在 different 之后用 countries，指不同的國家。

　　6. C 上一句說 Vriesekoop 比較不同國家紙幣攜帶病菌的數量。本題的句子明確指出他對比 的紙幣涉及十個國家。四個選項中只有 gathered (收集)與上下文的意思相匹配。

　　7. A 填詞所在的句子與前面的主句存在因果關系。為什么要從食品店和食品攤收集紙幣

　　呢?因為這些地方常要用現金支付。本題答案是 because。

　　8. C fabric 是織物，其制作原料不會是 plastic(塑料)或 rubber( 橡膠)。選 paper 也不對， 因為本句是說明紙幣的制作原料通常不是紙。制作 fabric 的原料是 cotton( 棉花)，這是合

　　乎常理的。而且該段倒數第二句也提供了答案。所以答案是 cotton。

　　9.D 本段說紙幣的材料一般不是紙，通常是用棉花織物或高分子聚合物制作的。所以選擇

　　materials( 材料、原料)是正確的。

　　10. B 本題應當選 team。與 family (家庭成員)，advisor (顧問)或 boss (老板)合作研究不是 沒有可能，但總有些離譜。與團隊合作研究比較合理。

　　11. D 本段第二句提供了線索，它列出三種紙幣，即 the Australian dollar ，the New Zealand

　　dollar 和 some Mexican pesos。選 currencies 是最合理的。另外三個選項都不合適; expenses

　　是支出，banks 是銀行 ，statements 是賬單。

　　12. B 本題只有選 mostly，上下文意思才連貫。

　　13. C 前一句說用高分子聚合物制作的錢幣含菌數量較少。本題的句子接著分析說，在高分子聚合物上存活較難。誰存活較難?當然是病菌。本題答案是germs0 dirt, water 和oil 是

　　非生物，不存在生存的問題。

　　14.A 四個選項填入句子后，句子成了： compare/connect/conduct/command the amounts of time bacteria can stay alive on different types of bills, 很明顯;connect (連接)/conduct (實

　　施)/command(控制)amounts of time是無法成立的。只有compare(比較)不同紙幣上病菌存活的時間才是Vriesekoop 要研究的新課題。

　　15. B人們通常是用手接觸紙幣的。所以接觸紙幣后要洗手。答案是hands。