四級考試閱讀備考筆記（32）

　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning . This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

　　注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的

　　2.modify 修改、改變;pair with 伴隨

　　3.it is ...that 強調介詞狀語結構

　　●分類型文章：1.分為幾類就是文章主題

　　2.抓住各類主體詞/基本特征詞(通常為動詞)

　　3.多余段落通常例證某一類

　　The second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

　　注：1.operant 操作型的，詞源 operate

　　2.cuddle 擁抱

　　3.第一種 classical conditioning：聯系而去做;第二種 operant conditioning：有獎懲而去做

　　Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

　　注：1.interact 交往，相互影響

　　2.positive 正面的 negative 負面的

　　3.本段是多余段落，例證第一種 classical conditioning

　　4.mean a. 卑鄙的

　　11. The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.

　　A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion

　　B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

　　C) give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learning

　　D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced

　　注：主題題，第一段主題句為第二句

　　In the same way that a child must be able to move his arms and legs before he can learn to walk, the child must physiologically be capable of producing and experiencing particular emotions before these emotions can be modified through learning. Psychologists have found that there are two basic processes by which learning takes place. One kind of learning is called classical conditioning . This occurs when one event or stimulus is consistently paired with, or followed by, a reward or punishment, It is through classical conditioning that a child learns to associate his mothers face and voice with happiness and love, for he learns that this person provides food and comfort. Negative emotions are learned in a similar fashion.

　　注：1.physiologically 生理的，mental / phycological 心理的

　　2.modify 修改、改變;pair with 伴隨

　　3.it is ...that 強調介詞狀語結構

　　●分類型文章：1.分為幾類就是文章主題

　　2.抓住各類主體詞/基本特征詞(通常為動詞)

　　3.多余段落通常例證某一類

　　The second kind of learning is called operant conditioning. This occurs when an individual learns to do things that produce rewards in his environment and learns not to do things that produce punishments. For example, if a mother always attends to her baby when he cries and cuddles him until he is quiet, she may teach him that if he cries he will get attention from mother. Thus, the baby will learn to increase his crying in order to have his mother more.

　　注：1.operant 操作型的，詞源 operate

　　2.cuddle 擁抱

　　3.第一種 classical conditioning：聯系而去做;第二種 operant conditioning：有獎懲而去做

　　Every day, we grow and have new experiences. We constantly learn by reading, watching television, interacting with some people, and so forth. This learning affects our emotions. Why is it that we learn to like some people and dislike others? If a person is nice to us, cares about us, we learn to associate this person with positive feelings, such as joy, happiness, and friendliness. On the other hand, if a person is mean to us, does not care about us, and even deliberately does things to harm us, we learn to associate this person with negative feelings, such as unhappiness, discomfort, and anger.

　　注：1.interact 交往，相互影響

　　2.positive 正面的 negative 負面的

　　3.本段是多余段落，例證第一種 classical conditioning

　　4.mean a. 卑鄙的

　　11. The authors main purpose in writing the passage is to ____.

　　A) teach children how to learn to produce and experience certain emotion

　　B) give the general reader an account of two basic kinds of learning

　　C) give parents some advice on how to modify their childrens emotions through learning

　　D) discuss with psychologist how positive and negative feelings are produced

　　注：主題題，第一段主題句為第二句